MAMMALIA. 35 
^ Elephas indicus. Sir E. Tennent’s work on the Elephant of Ceylon has been 
mentioned above, p. 6. 
Equus cahallus. M. Q. Arloing has published contributions to our know- 
ledge of the organization of the foot of the horse, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1867, viii. 
pp. 66-81 5 he figures cases of monstrosities of feet with additional toes, 
pis. 1 & 2. — “ El Kamsa. II cavallo arabo puro sangue di Cablo Guarmani 
M Livorno, 2® edizione, Gerusalemme 1866,” is known to us from the title 
only. 
RUMINANTIA. 
Tlie researches of Prof. Rutimeyer into the history and races 
of the Domestic Cattle have a much wider bearing than the titles 
of the memoirs mentioned above (p. 11) indicate. He has been 
drawn into a number of collateral researches which are of the 
greatest importance to the student of the living as well as ex- 
tinct Ruminants. The two parts on which these examinations 
are chiefly based are the skull and the dentition. Their study 
proves to him the correctness of the theory of a gradual evolu- 
tion of the species, as of the development of an individual. The 
foetal skulls of all Ruminants are the more similar to one an- 
other, the less their age. With the progress of development 
they diverge into a variety of modifications. Some forms, like 
the Domestic Cattle, are . distinguished by the extraordinary 
variations and modifications of their adult skulls, whilst others, 
like the Musk-deer, retain the embryonological characters ; mor- 
phologically the one may be termed very old, the others very 
young. As regards the dentition^ the author regards the milk- 
dentition as a character of the highest importance in judging of 
the relationship between recent forms and their extinct prede- 
cessors. The milk-dentition is the dentition inherited, whilst 
the permanent teeth are the result of the adaptation of the spe- 
cies during a later period of its development. Thus, for instance, 
the dentition of the extinct Anchitherium reappears in the milk- 
dentition of the more recent Hipparium ; the dentition of Tra- 
gulus and Hyomoschus is the milk- dentition of Anoploiheriumy 
Xiphodon, and Dichodon, &c. 
With regard to the Domestic Cattle, the author thinks that 
the various European varieties can be referred to three races : — 
1. Bos primigenius, represented chiefly in North Germany, Hol- 
land, the wild cattle of England, and some of the domestic varie- 
ties of the same country, and the long-horned varieties of 
Hungary and Italy. 2. Bos brachyceros or longifrons, repre- 
sented by the Braunvieh in Switzerland and some parts of 
Germany. 3. Bos frontosus, represented by the spotted varie- 
ties in Switzerland and Germany. There is no doubt that the 
primigenius-YdiCQ, is the direct descendant from the Urus, whilst 
t;he frontosus-x 2 ice, which evidently existed in a domesticated 
state only, appears to be a modification of the primigenius, its 
