ORTHOPTERA. 
453 ^ 
Orthoptera genuina. 1 
Landois (Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. xvii. pp. 111-123) describes 
the various modes by which sound is produced by the insects of 
this order. In all cases friction is the cause of the sound. Many 
species produce a rattling noise during flighty due to the rubbing 
of the wings upon the tegmina. In the Acrydiidae (pi. 10. figs. 1 &2, 
Stenobothrm) the hinder femora show two lines on the lower 
part of their inner surface^ the uppermost of which is the largest, 
and bears a row of minute teeth of peculiar form. The number 
of these teeth varies even in the same individual. It is by the 
rapid passage of these teeth over the projecting veins of the teg- 
mina that the latter are set in vibration, and produce the cha- 
racteristic sound emitted by these insects. The crickets [GryU 
lid(B or Achetida), as is well known, produce their sounds by 
rubbing the tegmina one upon the other. In each of the tegmina 
there is a vein near the base, which is furnished with numerous 
fine cross pieces, placed on the lower side in one of the tegmina 
and on the upper surface in the other (pi. 10. figs. 3, 4 in Gryllus 
campestris, fig. 5 in Gryllus domesticus) . By the rapid passage 
of these parts over one another the sound is produced. The 
sound-producing organs of the Locustid<B are likewise in the 
tegmina, and consist, as in the crickets, of single elevated veins 
with numerous cross pieces. 
Fritsch (Berl. ent. Zeitschr. 18G7, pp. 2G0-2G6) notices some of the prin- 
cipal forms of this group observed by him in South Africa. Pneumora does 
not appear every year, but only from time to time ; its favourite resorts are 
potato-fields. The locust (^Gryllus devastator ^ Licht.) is also particularly 
noticed. 
Graber has published (Zeitschr. des Ferdinand. 3*® Folge, xiii. pp. 261- 
277) an analytical synopsis of the true Orthoptera known to occur in the 
Tyrol. The total number of species is 76, namely, Forjicididce 6, Mantidm 1, 
Blattidce 6, GryllidcB 7, Locustidce 22, and Acrydiidce 34. 
Graber has also published (Verb. zool. -hot. Ges.in Wien, xvii. pp. 251-280) 
a valuable memoir on the true Orthoptera of the Tyrol, indicating the species 
found in that country, and their geographical and especially their altitudinal 
distribution, and in many cases touching briefly upon their habits. The total 
number of species here recorded is 81. The general results of the investiga- 
tion are admirably summed up in two tables appended to the conclusion of 
the paper. 
Frauenfeld (Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, xvii. pp. 430 & 442-446) 
notices various species of this order which were captured on board the ‘No- 
vara.’ Several species of Blattidsc, including even the European Phyllo- 
dromia gcrmanicay lived on board, and the author gives some interesting par- 
ticulars as to their habits. 
FoRFICULIDiE. 
H. i)OHEN states (Stett. ent. Zeit. 1867, p. 341) that in his monographic 
revision of this family the genus Chelidnra was unfortunately omitted, his 
absence at the time when it was printed preventing his correcting the proofs. 
1867. [voL. IV.] 2 H 
