460 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
skin. The union of the sexes continues apparently for a considerable time, 
from 12 fo 18 or even 24 hours, but sometimes only for an hour or two. The 
female carries the male about with her, and feeds as if alone j she is, how- 
ever, unable to fly. The male sits quite motionless, only giving a sign of life 
by stridulation if another male should approach. 
The eggs are deposited about seven days after copulation, according to 
Kosto. The female digs a hole in the earth of about Ig inch deep by means 
of the hook-like horny organs of the apex of the abdomen j and the eggs are 
then laid, in cylindrical masses usually placed at an angle of about 46° to the 
surface. The eggs are united by a spongy mass (cement), which also enve- 
lops the whole outside of the mass } here, by the adhesion of grains of sand, 
small stones, &c., it forms a sort of wall which protects the eggs from injuri- 
ous external influences. The mass is sometimes formed wholly or par- 
tially of the frothy cement without eggsj Yersin ascribed this to a morbid 
condition of the female, and doubts whether the few eggs contained in such 
masses are capable of development. Koppen has found on removing the 
female insect that the pit which it had dug was filled with the frothy mass, 
without any eggs. This seems to the Recorder to indicate rather that the 
cement mass is first produced by the insect, and the eggs afterwards laid in 
it j the nests found containing the spongy mass without eggs would then be 
easily accounted for, on the supposition that the females were disturbed or 
destroyed when just about commencing the actual business of oviposition. 
The number of eggs laid in each nest seems to vary from bO to 90 or 100 j and 
the ovary of the female contains from 100-160 eggs, according to Kriinitz. 
The question whether the females copulate more than once has been much 
discussed in Russia; and from the author’s statements it would appear that 
the popular opinion is that the act of copulation only takes place once. From 
Koste’s observations, however, it is certain that the females copulate and de- 
posit their eggs several times. He observed a female, in confinement, which 
copulated with six different males before laying her first batch of eggs; and 
afterwards the same phenomena were repeated four times, the insect dying 
when engaged in oviposition for the sixth time. From his own observations, 
and those of other authors, Koppen regards it as most probable that copula- 
tion and oviposition are repeated usually at least three times by each female, 
perhaps at intervals of about a month, as stated by Yersin, the total number 
of eggs being from 160-170. 
Upon the rapidity of movement of the Locusts in the larval condition the 
statements of authors are at variance. The observations of Sydow and 
Donzingk give about a quarter of a German mile (*. e. about 0 975 mile Eng- 
lish) in the hour ; Tschemewsky asserts that they only advance about 350 
feet in the day upon grass land. 
Of the senses of the Locust, Koppen seems to regard hearing as the 
sharpest. The senses of smell and taste are exerted in the selection of 
food, and that of touch is displayed in the sensibility of the insects to 
changes of weather, especially temperature. Sociability is regarded by the 
author as characteristic of the Locusts: the larvae proceeding from one 
nest seem to keep together for a time ; they afterwards associate in larger 
masses, which move together in search of nourishment. These migrations 
in mass commence in the second stage of larval life, but become more gene- 
ral after the second moult. The migration usually takes place in the morn- 
