ORTHOPTERA, 
461 
ing and evening. The author remarks upon the direction of the migrations 
of these insects, which he regards as influenced to a certain extent by an 
instinctive perception of the direction in which abundant food or a suit- 
able breeding-place is to be found, but modified or even sometimes caused 
by external agents, especially the winds. The author also discusses the pri- 
mary causes of the great migrations of these insects and the phenomena ob- 
served during their flight. 
In the south of Russia the hatching of the eggs takes place, according to 
the weather, at the end of April or beginning of May. A few larvae are some- 
times produced on warm days in October, but these soon die. The hatching 
occupies from 2 to 3 weeks, according to circumstances. The winged insects 
appear in the beginning and middle of J uly ; copulation takes place early in 
August j and the oviposition extends from the middle of August to October. 
The dry steppes constitute the chief haunt of the Locusts ; damp places they 
seem to avoid. The females prefer for the reception of their ova the solid 
virgin soil, and rarely visit ploughed land for this purpose. Damp and cold 
are unfavourable to the development of the eggs. The author discusses in 
groat detail the external conditions which Act favourably or unfavourably 
upon these insects. The greater part of this section is devoted to the con- 
sideration of their enemies, of which Koppen gives a formidable list (pp. 
161-160). 
Linn4 and other authors have given Tartary as the true home of the mi- 
gratory Locusts ; but in Tartary no large swarms occur. In the author’s 
opinion, the countries in which the swarms are seen are also the countries of 
their birth. He cites many facts in support of this opinion and in illustra- 
tion of the geographical distribution of the insect, the northern limit of their 
migratory or nomadic life being a line passing from Spain through the south 
of France, Switzerland, Pomerania, South Russia, and South Siberia to the 
north of China. To the north of this line the insects generally occur only 
singly. Many interesting details as to their occurrence in vast numbers are 
given by the author (pp. 190-205). , 
Koppen also describes the injury done by the Locusts when they occur in 
great numbers, and indicates the means adopted for their suppression (pp, 
206-246). 
Caloptenus italicus, Koppen also notices this species (/. c. pp. 246-263), 
which likewise occurs in South Russia, and then, as in other regions of 
southern Europe, sometimes in injurious numbers. Other species which are 
also occasional devastators, especially when associated with the migratory 
species, are PacJiytylus stridulus, OEdipoda vastator, Stauronotus vastator, 8. cru- 
ciatus, and Pezotettix alpina (pp. 263-268). In an appendix the author notices 
some other injurious insects, belonging chiefly to the orders Coleoptera and 
Lepidoptera. 
Jackel (Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensb. xxi. pp. 83-93) publishes a 
supplementary notice on the occurrence of (Edipoda migratoria in Bavaria. 
He cites various records of the visits of this species in swarms during the 
fourteenth century, one towards the close of the fifteenth, and one at the 
end of the seventeenth century, and gives a long account of a similar visita- 
tion in 1749. Since that year no swarms of Locusts have occurred in Ba- 
varia. 
Some notes on the Algerian Locusts {Acrydium peregrinum, migratorium, 
