504 
ZOOLOGICAL LITEllATURK. 
by Bourguignat, Moll. Nouv. viii. pp. 233, 234, the French snail being re- 
garded by him as a distinct species, H, apalolena. 
2. Eastern Asia. 
Mantchouria. Our knowledge of the land- and freshwater 
shells of this country, which commenced in the year 1859 by 
the valuable publication of Dr. Gerstfeldt, is now essentially 
advanced by that of Dr. L. v. Schrenck (see p. 488), both 
papers being published under the auspices of the Academy of 
St. Petersburg. Several new species are added, the determina- 
tion of others is corrected, the geographical distribution of each 
carefully pointed out, and a great portion of the paper is devoted 
to the general discussion of this subject. The whole number 
of species known from that country is 55 (25 terrestrial 
and the others aquatic). Not less than 37 (17 terrestrial, 20 
freshwater) are identical with European species ; 8 others have 
been known before from China ; 10 appear as yet to be peculiar 
to Mantchouria. The freshwater Pulmonata or Limnseidae, 11 
species, are European; the land Pulmonata common to Europe 
and Mantchouria are generally of small size, most of them ad- 
vancing far towards the north, even to Lapland, Iceland, and 
Greenland. The Helices of middle or rather large size are 
peculiar and more closely allied to Chinese than to European 
species ; the same can be said concerning the larger freshwater 
shells belonging to Melania and Paludina. Operculated land- 
shells are absent altogether. Among the freshwater bivalves 
the Chinese Unio grayanus and Anodonta magnifica and {Bar- 
bula) plicata attain to a remarkable size. Dr. v. Schrenck 
ascribes to the last the pearls which wdre for some time known 
to come from the Amur country. 
Japan. The land-snails of the Japanese islands are treated 
of by V. Martens, Preuss. Exped. Zool. ii. pp. 9-36. Pilteen 
species of Cyclostomacea, 1 of Belicina, and 44 of Helicea are 
enumerated — some observed by the author himself, and de- 
scribed at length; others introduced into the Japanese fauna 
on the authority of Mr. A. Adams, who communicated the 
names to the author. The occurrence in Japan of four species 
of Helix and one of Bulimus is considered to be doubtful. A 
short historical account of our knowledge of Japanese land- 
snails is added. The prominent features of this fauna are the 
groups Acusta and Camena, in the genus Helix , the. existence 
of several species of Clausilia and a Cyclophorus of middle size. 
A list of Japanese CyclophoridcB is given also by A. Adams, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. p. 314. 
China. The Chinese land-snails are treated of by Von Martens, Preuss. 
Exped. Zool. ii. pp. 36-60. Six species of Cyclostomacea, 1 Helicina, 43 
Ilelicidce are hitherto known as coming from that empire. Typical for 
