516 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
3. The Atlantic Coasts of North America, 
Labrador, Forty- three marine Bivalves and 57 marine Gas- 
tropods, 1 Brachiopod, and 1 Cephalopod are recorded by A. S. 
Packard as recent inhabitants of Labrador; most of them are the 
well-known arctic species common to the northernmost parts of 
Norway, Spitzbergen, and Greenland. Some of peculiar interest 
will be mentioned hereafter. The Cephalopod is the common 
squid named Ommastrophes todarus^l^^ by the author. The 
author distinguishes three faunas of the present time ; — 
1. The arctic or true circumpolar fauna, which can scarcely be 
said to be Asiatic, European, or American, restricted to a district 
north of the yearly isothermal line of 33°, which thus includes the 
Arctic- American archipelago. Northern Greenland, Spitzbergen, 
» Nova Zembla, and the coast of Siberia. 
3. The subarctic zone of life, corresponding to the yearly iso- 
thermal of 40°, starting from near Cape Breton in North 
America, and including Iceland, the Hebrides, the Faroe Islands, 
Finmark, and Northern Norway. On the American coast this 
fauna may be called Sijrtesian, and is characterized by a smqll 
number of species not yet recorded as found in the circumpolar 
district, which only occur southward in the Acadian district in 
diminished numbers and impoverished in size. This Syrtesian 
fauna occupies Hudson^s Bay, the coast of Labrador, and the 
northern coast of Newfoundland. Southwards it follows the line 
of floating ice, which partially excludes Anticosti, but includes 
both the great banks and the shoals lying to the south-west- 
ward along the track of the polar current which, on the coast of 
New England, flows between the coast and the inner edge of the 
Gulf-stream. Along this line lie the banks off Nova Scotia and 
Maine and Massachusetts, together with the St. George^s 
Banks and the Nantucket Shoals. Its influence is likewise felt 
as far south as the shoals lying oft‘ the coast of New Jersey. 
3. The Acadian or Neiv-England fauna, the American repre- 
sentative of that of the Baltic, North Sea, and Scottish seas, the 
Boreal or Celtic fauna of Forbes. Its proper area are the shores 
of Nova Scotia and New England north of Cape Cod ; but there 
are outliers of it situated north of its normal limits, due to the 
influence of the Gulf-stream, or, perhaps, to the absence of the 
polar current. Thus, while the mouth of the Bay of Fundy is 
properly a Syrtesian outlier, the head of the bay, the coast of 
New Brunswick, the western side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
the mouth of the river St. Lawrence on its southern side, and a 
small isolated area of the southern coast of Newfoundland, shel- 
tered from the polar current sweeping by Cape Race, and on 
which a small branch of the Gulf-stream may possibly impinge, 
are outlying areas of the Acadian fauna. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. i. pp. 378-390, 354, and 355. 
