520 
ZOOLOGICAL LITEllATUllE. 
vol. vi. 1865. These researches were continued; and the shells 
having been examined by Professor Loven, a supplementary 
account is given in vol. viii. 1867 of the same periodical. The 
number of species identified amounts now to ten^ viz. Ostrea 
edulis, Cardium eduUj Tellina solidulay Corbula gibbuj Mactra 
subtruncata, Scrobicularia piperata^Trigonella plana y Venus 
virgineay Cyprina islandicay Nassa reticulatay and Cerithium 
lima (Bvxxg.) =^reticulatum (Da Costa). They are all living at 
present in the German Ocean^ on the coasts of Great Britain 
and Norway; but some are not found at present in a living 
state in the Baltic; others, although living in that sea, are 
now constantly of smaller size and thinner consistence than 
the diluvial examples, which more resemble specimens from the 
German Ocean. These fossils belong strictly to the glacial 
period, while similar fossils, known long ago from some places 
in Sweden, are postglacial. It is stated in a postscript that 
similar glacial fossils have been discovered also in the province 
of Eastern Prussia, near Konigsberg. , 
A. S. PACKARD,in his paper on the glacial phenomena of Labra- 
dor and Maine, gives much information on the existence of recent 
species during the quaternary or postpliocene period. Arctic 
species, Oi^Leda arcticay Pecten griinlandicus [Cflrt/iwm], Serripes 
grbnlandicuSy Pandorina arenosuy and Fusus tornatuSy were then 
widely spread and most characteristic shells from Greenland to 
Portland, Maine. At present Pecten griinlandicus does not 
cross from Greenland to America ; and Leda arcticay abounding 
in every clay-deposit, has now become wholly extinct south of 
Spitzbergen and the 70th parallel of latitude. Avery few species, 
however, are at present nowhere found alive, for example, Fusus 
labradorensis and Bela robusta. The clay-beds of Canada and 
of Maine, eastwards of the Saco river, contain a Labrador or 
Syrtesian fauna (see above, page 516), which finds its limits for 
the posttertiary period near Portland and the river mentioned ; 
at Point Shirley there is good evidence of the beginning of the 
Virginian fauna, where Venus mercenaria and Buccinum plico- 
sum abound. This must have been the northern limit of the 
fauna so well developed in the Nantucket beds. All the facts 
laid down in this paper tend to disprove any theory of a tertiary 
or posttertiary continental connexion between Europe and 
America. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. pp. 254-258. 
In Weinkaufp’s ‘ Conchylien des Mittelmeers/ the occurrence of shells 
in miocene, pliocene, or pleistocene (glacial) strata, which are specifically 
identical with recent species of the Mediterranean, is carefully noted. Ac- 
cording to his statements, there are 79 per cent, of the recent Mediterranean 
Bivalves, including the Brachiopods, represented in pleistocene beds, 61 in 
pliocene, 25 in miocene; the Brachiopods alone give the following relative 
numbers : — in pleistocene, ^ in pliocene, 1 in miocene. 
Caves in Liguria. Issel enumerates 17 land- and 7 sea-shells found in 
