MOLLUSCA. 
521 
the breccias and ossiferous caves of western Liguria, five of the former being 
extinct species, whilst all the others are still found living in the same 
country. The extinct species are: — Zonita^ siieloi'us, sp. n., Helix ramori- 
niana, sp n., II. paretianaj sp. n., H. vermicularia (Bonelli). They are 
tolerably nearly allied to living species of Southern Europe ; only Bulimm (?) 
antiquusj sp. n., known from one mutilated specimen, is not referable to any 
group of living European shells. These extinct species were collected in the 
cave of Verezzi and the ossiferous breccia of Capra Zoppa; the grotto of 
Mentone contains only living species. Zonites \Hyalina\ cellarius, in the 
breccia of Spotorno and Verzi, differs slightly from the living. Helix rotun- 
data has been found to be more numerous and of larger size in the grotto of 
Verzi than it is at present in Liguria. Atti Accad. reale di Torino, xxiv. 
J. CoLBEAU gives an account of the shells found in tuff-beds at Marche-les- 
Dames, in Belgium ,* they are identical with recent land- and freshwater 
species of the country. Ann. Soc. Malacol. de Belg. ii. pp. 9-12. 
Oskar Bottger, in a paper entitled “ Ueber die nachweisbaren Spuren 
des Lebens der Thier- und Pflanzenwelt in der Vorzeit” (on apparent traces of 
the life of animals and plants in former times), published in the 8th ‘Bericht 
des Offenbacher Vereins fiir Naturkunde,’ 18G7, pp. 40-68,' calls attention 
to peculiar scars observed in fossil and recent species of Helix. There are 
always two parallel scars near to each other ; and the author thinks they 
may have been made by some Bodent in its attempt to open the shell. 
Classification in general. 
Dr. Morch (Journ. Conch, xv. pp. 232-253) recapitulates 
once more the principles of his classification of the suhkingdom 
of Mollusca, regarding the organs of circulation and generation 
as chief systematic characters, and not those of locomotion. He 
points out the coincidences of former essays of classification 
with his own, Latreille, as early as 1825, having proposed a 
similar classification, which was based on the generative func- 
tions of the Mollusca. The names proposed by Latreille are 
now substituted to his own in the following manner : — 
1. Supraclassis Phanerogama (Latreille) = Monotocardia 
(Morch) . 
Classis I. Androgyna i^oxc}i) — H€rmaphrodita (Latr.). 
II. Dioica (Latr.) —Hxophallia (Morch). 
2. Supraclassis Agama (Latr.) = (Morch). 
Classis I. Exocephala {L^ir.)=Pseudophallia (Morch). 
II. Acephala {C\\.y\Qx)=Endocephala (Latr.) = 
Dithyra. 
For the subordinate divisions, in which no material change has 
been made, see Zool. Record, vol. ii. p. 213. 
Another highly interesting paper, by the same author, in Amer. 
Journ. Conch, iii. pp. 114-132, is again devoted to general classi- 
fication, but it is not capable of being condensed in an abstract. 
Dr. Gray has made some historical remarks on the introduc- 
