656 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
2. Subgen. Glaudlla,. Size smaller ; head strong; body bulky, with short 
tail ; arms more prominent, with the papillee in several rows ; penis 
without hook ; no large urticatiug threads. Gl. marginalis (Reinhardt), 
Northern Pacific; Gl. hriareus (Reinh.) = P t/rwco (Eschscholtz P, 
Lesson) =P didichoicus (Orb.), Southern Pacific; both figured, pi. 9. 
Quite uncertain is Gl, Utrapterygius (Rang). Bergh, I, e, pp. 106-104. 
PULMONATA INOPERCULATA. 
Geophila. 
Dr. Pfeiffer reviews, in a rather extensive paper (Mai. Blatter, 
xiv. pp. 1-10, 80-92, & 227-237) , the recent systematic arrange- 
ments of this family, and more especially that adopted in the 
second edition of Alberses Pleliceen, edited by the Recorder 
(1860) . He points out some omissions and shortcomings, alludes 
to some recent improvements and discoveries, and comes to the 
conclusion that only an artificial system, and not one based 
on natural affinities, enables the student to determine specimens 
with accuracy. 
O. A. L. M5rch recapitulates at some length the modern 
classifications of the Helicidce. The paper, being chiefly histori- 
cal, does not allow of being condensed. The autlior^s views are 
in favour of the systematic value of jaw and radula, which had 
been doubted by H. Crosse. Some new observations are added 
and will be noticed hereafter. Journ. Conch, xv. pp. 232-258. 
Ed. Morse, who some years ago went so far as to distinguish several 
tribes and numerous genera within the genus Helix as defined by Lamarck 
and Pfeiffer, returns now, in a popular treatise, to the system of these authors, 
regarding even the Hycdince and Gadrodontes simply as species of Helix, and 
distinguisliing three gvoups only 1, that with strong ribbed jaw and short 
serrated teeth of the radula [true Helix'] ; 2, that corresponding to Hyalina ' 
or Zonites of recent authors ; 8, that corresponding to Patula. Am. Naturalist, 
1. pp. 313 & 341. 
jRadida of the Ptdmonata. Heynemann states that the form of the tip of 
the teeth, which is not well understood if seen only from above, can be better 
seen in lateral views, and remarks that these tips are not coloured by a solu- 
tion of carmine, like the rest of the tooth, and that they are rendered nearly 
invisible when kept in Canada balsam. Mai. Blatt. xiv. p. 193. 
Viviparous are Hdix incequalis (Pfr.), Ed. Marie, Journ. Conch, xv. p. 293; 
Achatmella hulimoides (Swains.), Heynemann, Mai. Blatt. xv.p. 150 ; and JBalea 
perversa (L.), Hartman, (Efvers. K. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl. 1866, p. 387. 
Several observations on the hibernation and copulation of some Belgian 
land-snails are given by J. Colbeau, Annal. Soc. Malacol. Belg. ii. 
pp. 29-37 
Helix Jidelis (Gray). Eggs and young animals described by J. H. Thom- 
son, Am. Jouiu. Conch, iii. p. 104. 
