440 
ECHINODEttMATA. 
Kiiste, ii. : Hannover, 1871, pp. 14 & 16). Verbill contributes a list of 13 
species of Ecliinoderms from North Carolina: Am. Journ. Sc. iii. p. 437. His 
remarks on the distribution of marine animals on the coast of New Eng- 
land ” are reprinted in Ann. N. H. (4) ix. pp. 92-97. Cf. also Whiteaves 
‘‘ on deep-sea dredging in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,” ibid. x. p. 346. A 
tabular view of the distribution of the Atlantic is compiled by 
Ljungman (13). Gray (10) enumerates the species known from the Red 
Sea. Martens (6) has put together a list of the Starfishes, Biittlestars, 
Sea-lilies, and Sea-urchins of the East-African shores from the Red Sea to 
Natal, showing their distribution, as far as known, along the coasts ; and 
Semper (6) a comparative list of theHolothurians of the Red Sea, and of those 
of Mozambique »fec. Jarzynsky has published (1870 : in a Russian paper) 
a valuable list of the Echinoderms found in the White Sea and on the Mur- 
maniaii” shore. Gbeefp gives a general sketch of the Echinoderm-fauna of 
the Canaries (“Madeira und die canarischen Inseln in naturwissenschaftlichor 
besonders zoologischer Beziehuug,” 1872: Marburg, pp. 80 &31). Ulianin 
notices only 2 Echinoderms {Amphiura and Synapta) from the Black Sea 
(ante, p. 422). 
Wyville Thomson (23) sums up the experience on the geographical and 
bathymetrical distribution of the deep-sea Echinoderms obtained from 
1868-70, in a belt of sea-bed embracing 1600 miles in length and 100-160 in 
width, and extending from Ficro to Gibraltar. In this area 67 successful 
hauls of the dredge were made in depths exceeding 600 fathoms, 16 beyond 
1000 fathoms, and 2 beyond 2000 fathoms. Even at the latter extreme depth 
Echinoderms appeared to be abundant, viz. Echinus norvegietis, Brissopsis lyri- 
fera, Archaster sp., Ophiocten sericeum, Ophiacantha spinulosa, Echmocucumis 
typica, and Bathycrinus gracilis. From 2000 fathoms upwards the number 
increased rapidly, possibly owing to the wider knowledge of the fauna of the 
shallower water ; from 300-800 fathoms, along the coast of Britain, many 
species are enormously abundant, so much so as to give a very marked cha- 
racter to the fauna of that zone. Several of these species have long been 
known to inhabit the deep waters of the British and Scandinavian area ; others 
(e. g. Uchizasterfragilis [introduced here as a “ Tripylus,'' an eiTor long corrected 
by the Recorder], Ctenodiscus crispatus, Pteraster militaris, Amphiura ahys- 
sicola, Ajitedon eschrichtii) are well known members of the Scandinavian or 
Greenland fauna, but were not hitherto recorded as British j and to these a 
series of quite new Echinideans, Asterideans, and Ophiurideans must be 
added. A fourth group, likewise new (Porocidaris, Phormosoma, Calveria, 
Pourtalesia, Neolampas, Zoroaster, Ophiomusium, Pentacrinus, Bhizocrinus, 
and Bathycrinus'), appears to be referable to a special deep-sea fauna, of which 
we as yet know only a few examples, which, however, nearly all show close 
relations to types of cretaceous or early tertiary age, hitherto supposed to be 
extinct. Of the 27 Echinoids, 6 are denizens of moderate depths in the Celtic 
province j 8 belong to a fauna of intermediate depth ; 6 are recognized 
members of the Lusitanian and Mediterranean fauna j while 7 have been 
brought to light for the first time through the deep-sea explorations. 
Holothuriid^. 
Cucumaria villosa, Grube, JB. schles. Ges. 1870, p. 88, Adriatic; C. gla- 
berrima, crucifera, Semper (6), p. 121, Aden : spp. nn. 
