POLYACTINIA, OCTACTINIA. 
457 
PungiidcB) ; and Oken certainly was entitled, on dividing the genus Astrcea, 
to restrict the name to A, astroites. Considering the wide sense in which 
Astrcsa is used by general writers, it would perhaps be preferable to drop it 
altogether in scientific nomenclature.] 
Hclation between the Palceozoic and Uccent Corah. Verrill (15) criticizes 
the use of the “ tahulce ” as a systematic character, and the classification of 
the Tahulata and Rugosa with Acalephs. True tahulso ” are not only found 
in Millepora (Acalephs) and Tocillopora (true corals), but also in Ccclastrcea^ 
Alveopora (from which Favositipora, Kent, is hardly different), and Adi'ceo- 
psammia (Eupsammid) ; Cohnnnaria (Silurian) is apparently closely allied 
to Ccelastrcea, Favosites {Koninchia &c.) to Alveopora, Porites, &c. Thus the 
Poritidm range, with slight modifications only, from palteozoic to recent 
times, and true Madrcporaria perforata were reef-builders in the earliest 
epochs ; some Favositce grew into masses 8-10 feet in diameter. Duncan (3) 
also discusses this topic, entering into special questions regarding the con- 
nexion of types in the series of geological formations, the limits or identity 
of fossil genera, their systematic arrangement, and tlio doubts entertained on 
their possible true position among other tribes {Alcyonaria, llydrozoa, and 
Polyzoo). Attention may also be here drawn to the papers of Lindstrom and 
Kunth, referred to with others in the introduction to De Koninck’s paper on 
the Carboniferous corals of Belgium (7). 
OCTACTINIA (ALCYONARIA). 
GoRGONIID^E and AlCYONIIDvE. 
Mojysca (Ptdella olim) borealis, sp. n., Sara (13, p. 50, pi. 5. figs. 1-23), 
Lofoden Isles, 300-400 fathoms [perhaps not the only Isidean of the Nor- 
wegian seas ; Gunnerus figured long ago an “ Isis hippuris,'' which has not 
been rediscovered]. 
MopseUa australis, Gray (5), pi. 62. figs. 7-9, pi. 63. figs. 10-12, Antarctic 
Ocean. 
Leptogorgia carolinensis, sp. n., Verrill, Am. J. Sc. iii. p. 432, North Caro- 
lina; L. (Xiphogorgia) setacea, Pall, nec Dana {=Jimcella, sp.), almost un- 
noticed from the time of Pallas until now : id. ibid. p. 433. 
Anthopodium, g. n., Verrill. Between Tclcsto and Callipodiimi. “ Coral 
with an incrusting firm coenenchyma, from which arise prominent tubular 
verrucse with rather large polypes at the summit. The surface of the coenen- 
chyma and verrucm is minutely granular, with rough irregular spicula, closely 
united together. The spicula are of many forms and sizes, and remarkable 
for their irregularity and roughness ; the most prominent kinds are very 
roughly warted and spinulose oblong forma and rough lacerate club-shaped 
ones, many of which are flattened at the large end. Besides these there are 
numerous rudely spinulose spindles, and an abundance of the small, short, 
glomerate kinds.” A. rubens, sp. n., id. 1. c. p. 436, North Carolina. 
Fannyella [!], g. n., Gray (5, p. 746). PrimnoidcB. “ Coral slightly furcately 
branched ; branches club-shaped, enlarging upwards, and then rapidly con- 
tracting at the tip ; polypiferous cells many, in numerous close concentric 
