— 17 — 
judged o£ by the overturning of the upper ln\) of the ear. 
When turned down about one inch the elephant is supposed 
to be about thirty years old ; when between one and two 
inches, the age ranged from thirty -six to sixty years ; and 
when above two inches the elephant is considered aged.” 
The five oldest Asiatic elephants that I have known 
personally in Europe were : — 
(i) “ Anton,” a male, who lived in the Zoological Garden 
at Hamburg, Germany, from July 24, 1871, to 
October 26, 1907, i.e. thirty-six years three months 
two days, and was thirty-eight to forty years old 
at his death. 
(ii) “ Bella,” a female, who arrived in the Zoological 
Garden at Cologne, Germany, on April 26, 1872, 
and lived there thirty-eight years nine months, 
and was forty-three years old at her death. 
(iii) “ Lilli,” a female, who lived for forty-seven years in 
the Zoological Garden of Dresden, Germany, before 
she died in 1911. 
(iv) “ Zebi,” a female, who arrived in the Zoological 
Garden at Clifton, England, November 4, 1868, 
and lived there for over forty-one years two 
months, and was apparently forty -nine or fifty 
years old when she died. 
(v) “ Sulfa Cully,” a female, received in the London 
Zoological Garden in May, 1876, and still alive 
there. 
5, — Elephants’ Face-glands. 
At Alwar the upper gland on the face of an elephant is 
called “Daam,” and the lower gland “Khamuka.” 
6.-— Colour of Elephants' Eyes. 
I noticed at Alwar that the colour of the irides varies 
much in individual elephants : females may liave pale yellow 
irides, though dark brown is more usual. 
African elepliants, so far as niy present knowledge goes, are sliorter-lived than 
Asiatic ones. 
2 
