30 
University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 27 
Parotoid glands, two enlarged distinct glands on dorso-lateral surface of body, 
one behind each orbit, on toads of Family Bufonidae and on Ambystoma 
paroticum. 
Plantar tubercles, see metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles. 
Sacral hump, rounded projection on posterior part of back in frogs of genus Eana. 
Snout, see muzzle. 
Spiraculum, opening in opercular membrane of Salientian larvae for exit of water 
passed over gills. 
Tympanic membrane, external ear membrane in toads and frogs. 
Vomerine teeth, group of teeth developed on ventral surface of vomers in roof of 
mouth; form and size characteristic for each species. 
Figs. M, N, O. Opened mouths of Triturus torosus (no. 2398, M. V. Z.), 
Aneides lugubris lugubris (no. 2371, M. V. Z.), and Dicamptodon ensatus (no. 
8573, M. V. Z.), to show differences in teeth in the three families of salamanders 
inhabiting California. The Salamandridae have no vomerine teeth between the 
internal nares and only two slender rows of palatosphenoid teeth in the posterior 
part of the mouth; the Plethodontidae have vomerine teeth developed in relation 
to the internal nares, and a ‘belt’ (one or two patches) of parasphenoid teeth in 
the posterior part of the mouth; the Ambystomidae have well developed vomerine 
teeth but none posterior to these. The arrangement of vomerine and parasphenoid 
teeth varies in different species. A.11 our species are provided with maxillary and 
mandibular teeth. A single mandibular tooth of Aneides is shown, enlarged, with 
the figure of that form. 
KEY TO THE ADULTS OF CALIFORNIA AMPHIBIA 
PAGE 
1. Tail always present; form lizard-like’; front and hind legs about equal in 
development Order Caudata 
2. No minute groove connecting nostril and upper lip. 
3. Vomero-palatine teeth in two long, nearly parallel lines extending 
posteriorly far behind internal nares (text fig. M); tongue small, less 
than half width of mouth at angles of jaws; no large mucous pores 
around orbit; coloration plain reddish brown and yellow without 
contrasted markings of any sort; skin rough surfaced in terrestrial 
individuals (pi. 5, fig. 9) Family Salamandridae Triturus torosus 44 
3'. Teeth on vomers (between internal nares) in a row extending crosswise 
of mouth (text fig. 0), no teeth in posterior part of mouth; tongue 
broad, more than half width of mouth at angles of jaws; a series of 
large mucous pores around and anterior to orbit; coloration often with 
contrasted markings; skin always very smooth.. Family Ambystomidae 
