i 925 ] Storer: A Synopsis of the Amphibia of California 
29 
mg Cope’s 1889 monograph) differences between the sexes were not 
considered, although there are important differences in size, surface 
texture, and measurements in practically all of the western species of 
Salientia. In the present paper differences between males and females 
have been indicated wherever found, and the measurements of the 
two are grouped separately. 
In general, adult females average larger in most dimensions, and 
are rougher surfaced, than males of the same age group. 
The Caudata cannot be sexed so readily as the Salientia, therefore 
the sex of only a few individuals of the former has been determined. 
GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING AMPHIBIANS 
(See figs. G-O) 
Angle of jaw, point where free margins of upper and lower jaws meet. 
Canthus rostralis, ridge extending from tip of muzzle to orbit; not present in all 
species. 
Choanae, see internal nares. 
Commissure, line of juncture of upper and lower jaws. 
Costal folds, rounded folds of skin (separated by costal grooves), on sides of 
body between fore and hind legs in most salamanders ; only complete folds, 
bounded by distinct grooves on both sides, are counted in keys and descriptions. 
Cranial crests, paired ridges on dorsal surface of head on interorbital region and 
between orbit and tympanic membrane in certain toads of Family Bufonidae. 
Dorso-lateral folds, two parallel raised ridges of skin along back on certain frogs 
of genus Eana. 
Dorsal groove, furrow-like depression along mid-dorsal line of body in some species 
of salamanders. 
Gular fold, transverse fold of skin on ventral surface of body at juncture of throat 
and body. 
Labial teeth, rows of minute slender black epidermal structures on specialized 
region surrounding mouth on tadpoles of toads and frogs. 
Labial papillae, soft rounded lobes or points on mouth region of tadpoles. 
Larva, stage in development of an amphibian from time of hatching out of egg 
capsule until metamorphosis into adult form. 
Metacarpal ) tubercles, specialized areas covered by smooth hardened skin on 
Metatarsal \ 
plantar surface of ‘hands’ and feet of amphibians; metatarsal tubercles some- 
times develop as digging ‘ spades . 7 
Muzzle, portion of head anterior to orbits. 
Nares (external, internal), openings of nasal passages. 
Naso -labial groove, small shallow groove connecting nostril with upper lip in 
salamanders of Family Plethodontidae. 
Operculum, thin covering of skin over gills on ventral surface of body in Salientian 
larvae. 
Parasphenoid teeth, broad ‘belt’ of fine teeth developed on ventral surface of 
parasphenoid bone in medio-posterior part of roof of mouth in salamanders of 
Family Plethodontidae. 
