1925 ] St over: A Synopsis of the Amphibia of California 
101 
Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope). Channel Islands Salamander 
Hemidactylium pacificum Cope (1865, pp. 195-196). Original description, 
type from 1 1 Santa Barbara ’ ’ [= some one of the Channel Islands : see 
Van Denburgh, 1905, pp. 6-7]. 
Hemidactylium pacificum, Strauch (1870, p. 76). Monograph. 
Batrachoseps pacificus, Yarrow (1883, pp. 21, 152), part. 
Batrachoseps pacificus, Cope (1889, pp. 129-130), part. General account. 
Batrachoseps pacificus, Van Denburgh (1905, pp. 5-8). Critical; re- 
description; on Santa Rosa and San Miguel islands. 
Batrachoseps pacificus, Van Denburgh and Slevin (1914, pp. 132, 134, 135). 
Range, coloration, habitat. 
Batrachoseps pacificus, Camp (1915, pp. 328-330). Comparisons. 
Batrachoseps pacificus, Grinnell and Camp (1917, p. 136, fig. 3). Range. 
Batrachoseps pacificus, Stejneger and Barbour (1917, p. 13; 1923, p. 9). 
Range. 
Batrachoseps pacificus, Dunn (1918, p. 458). On Santa Cruz Island. 
Diagnosis. — Size small among California salamanders, total length 
not over 115 millimeters (4% inches); body slender and elongate; 
limbs reduced; digits 4, 4; costal folds 16 (rarely 15 or 17); body 
coloration yellowish brown above, white or dull yellow below. 
Comparisons. — Distinguished from other California salamanders 
(except species of Batrachoseps ) by slender form of body, reduced 
size of limbs, and presence of only 4 digits on each hind foot; dis- 
tinguished from all species of Batrachoseps by larger size of eyes, by 
greater width of head (greater than that of body), and by smaller 
number of costal folds, 16 (15 or 17) instead of 17 or more. 
Description. — Body slender, worm-like, head moderate, limbs small ; 
outline of head from above parallel-sided behind orbits, bluntly oval 
anteriorly; head thin in profile, muzzle descending anteriorly, tip 
rounded; lower jaw overhung by muzzle; external nares opening 
anteriorly; naso-labial groove exceedingly small; canthus rostralis 
distinct, shorter than orbit; orbit large; interorbital width less than 
or nearly equaling length of orbit; interorbital and postorbital por- 
tion of head flat ; three transverse folds on dorsal and lateral surfaces 
of neck; outline of lower jaw oval; chin flat; gular fold distinct, 
extending up on lateral surface of neck where joined by sinuous 
groove running posteriorly from orbit; limbs stouter than in main- 
land species of Batrachoseps; exposed portion of upper arm and fore- 
arm equal in length; digits 4, short, blunt, third longest, second and 
fourth about equal, innermost (first) rudimentary; body practically 
straight-sided, slightly depressed ; costal grooves very distinct ; costal 
folds 16 (15 or 17) ; hind limb like fore limb, very slightly stouter; 
inner toe rudimentary; tail at base of same size as body, tapered 
distally, lateral surface with vertical grooves. 
Tongue and teeth as in Batrachoseps attenuatus. 
General coloration (in alcohol) cinnamon to mummy brown above, 
paler on head and limbs, often fawn-colored on tail; upper lip and 
all lower surfaces white or dull yellow ; young specimens much darker 
