1925] Storer: A Synopsis of the Amphibia of California 
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limbs, and smaller number of costal folds; from Plethodon elongatus 
by stouter form, larger maxillary teeth, 12 instead of 15 costal folds, 
and spotted instead of striped pattern of coloration; from Ensatina 
eschsehoitzii and E. croceater by swollen temporal muscles, larger 
maxillary teeth, and 12 instead of 10 costal folds; from Aneides 
ferreus by greater development of inner digit on all feet, by stouter 
form, and by pattern of marking consisting of fine dots instead of 
‘ marbling ’ of light color ; from Aneides flavipunctatus by larger adult 
size, rounded instead of compressed tail, and dark red instead of black 
coloration ; from Aneides l. farallonensis by larger adult size, stouter 
form, enlarged instead of tapered tail, and lesser number of light 
spots on body. 
Description. — Form stout among the Plethodontidae, head large, 
limbs moderate ; head wedge-shaped in outline from above, sides taper- 
ing to near the rounded tip ; temporal region swollen and bulging both 
laterally and dorsally ; muzzle flat-topped, thin in profile and rounded 
at tip ; lower jaw overhung by muzzle ; external nares terminal, sep- 
aration equaling interorbital width ; no canthus rostralis ; length of 
muzzle slightly greater than that of orbit ; orbit small, directed later- 
ally ; width of interorbital space half to two-thirds length of orbit ; 
swollen temporal region reaching forward to middle of interorbital 
space, divided anteriorly by a median furrow, bulging laterally behind 
orbit ; outline of upper lip sinuous, with a small lobe below orbit, com- 
missure bent dorsally at posterior end; outline of lower jaw from 
below trapezoidal; chin slightly convex; gular fold conspicuous, con- 
tinued up side of neck nearly to dorsal surface in some individuals ; 
free portion of upper arm shorter than forearm ; palm short, smooth ; 
digits moderate, blunt-ended, slightly dilated at tips, in order of 
decreasing length 3, 4, 2, 1, innermost short; body cylindric, slightly 
swollen at midlength ; costal folds 12, distinct ; hind limb slightly 
larger than fore limb ; free portion of femur nearly equal to tibia ; 
sole smooth, as broad as long; toes longer than fingers, blunt-ended 
and slightly enlarged at tips, in order of decreasing length, 3, 4, 2, 5, 1 
or 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 ; anal region not swollen ; tail cylindric or oval at base, 
but not strongly compressed, bluntly tapered to end. 
Tongue thin, moderate in size, filling half to tw’O-thirds of width 
of mouth, attached along midline ; internal nares small, placed well 
back from tip of muzzle and in from margin of jaw; vomerine teeth 
in V-shaped arrangement interrupted medially, between and behind 
internal nares; parasphenoid teeth in posterior part of mouth in 
narrow belt, widened and slightly divided posterior^ ; maxillary and 
mandibular teeth large, lance-shaped, very pointed, vfith broad surface 
parallel to jaw. 
Surfaces everywhere smooth. 
General coloration (in life), upper surfaces of head, body and 
tail, and exposed surfaces of limbs, uniform dark red, paling slightly 
on sides where marked with varying numbers of spots 1 mm. or less 
in diameter of yellow ; ventral surface pale yellow ; in alcohol upper 
surface takes on a bluish cast, undersurface becomes dingy yellow. 
Young individuals (in life) nearly black, with diffuse-margined pig- 
ment cells of silvery tone on upper surface, and fine dots of white on 
undersurface. 
