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University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 27 
as a center of development for the Plethodont stock. If these suppo- 
sitions are correct, and the arguments and data advanced seem in 
some degree to uphold the views mentioned, then our strictly terres- 
trial (or non-aquatic) western Plethodonts are to be thought of as 
stock which has completely left the water and is able to live success- 
fully on land despite the loss of lungs which might be thought to be 
of more service in respiration in a terrestrial environment. 
According to Dunn (1923a, p. 39) one species of Plethodont from 
eastern North America, Plethodon aeneus Cope and Packard, of the 
Cumberland Mountains in West Virginia and Tennessee, is congeneric 
with Aneides lugubris. This disposition, if correct, indicates a con- 
siderable degree of antiquity for the Aneides stock, as conditions in 
the territory between the present ranges of the eastern and western 
species have apparently been unsuited for the migration of land sala- 
manders for a large part of Tertiary time. 
Aneides lugubris farallonensis (Van Denburgh) 
Farallon Salamander 
Anaides lugubris, Boulenger (1882&, pp. 52-53), part. On Farallon Islands. 
Anaides lugubris, Yarrow (1883, pp. 22, 158), part. 
Autodax lugubris, Cope (1889, pp. 183-185), part. 
Autodax lugubris, Keeler, in Blankenship and Keeler (1892, pp. 151, 154). 
Status. 
Autodax lugubris farallonensis Van Denburgh (1905, pp. 5-6, 28, pi. 2). 
Original description, type from South Farallon Island, California. 
Autodax lugubris farallonensis, Van Denburgh and Slevin (1914, p. 134). 
Occurrence. 
Aneides lugubris farallonensis, Grinnell and Camp (1917, p. 135, fig. 2). 
Range. 
Aneides lugubris farallonensis, Stejneger and Barbour (1917, p. 21; 1923, 
p. 18). Range. 
Diagnosis. — As for Aneides lugubris lugubris (w T hich see), but 
temporal region of head less swollen, limbs, digits, and tail more 
slender, and spots on body more numerous. 
Comparisons. — See Aneides lugubris lugubris. 
Coloration. — General body color above near Hay’s brown, darkest 
on middle of back, paling on sides of body and tail; upper surface 
and sides of body and exposed surfaces of both fore and hind limbs 
profusely marked with spots of colonial buff, these varying from mere 
pin-points to spots 1.5 mm. in diameter ; legs and low T er sides of head, 
near vinaceous buff, varying in tone ; tips of digits usually bright red, 
due to concentration of blood in sinuses (color description from living 
specimens collected September 6, 1922). 
