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University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 27 
Scaphiopus hammondii Baird. Western Spadefoot Toad 
(PL 2, fig. 3; pi. 10, figs. 25-30; text figs. W, EE) 
Scaphiopus hammondii Baird (1859&, p. 12, pi. 28 [figs. 2a-2d]). Original 
description, type from Fort Reading [= near Redding, Shasta County] , 
California. 
S[caphiopus]. hammondii, Cope (1863, pp. 53-54). Critical. 
Scaphiopus Hammondii, Cooper (1868, p. 486). At San Diego. 
Spea stagnalis, Yarrow and Henshaw (1878, p. 209). At Santa Barbara. 
Spea hammondii, Cope (1883, pp. 15, 32). Range. 
Spea hammondii, Yarrow (1883, pp. 24, 177, 193). Range. 
Spea stagnalis, Yarrow (1883, pp. 25, 177, 193). Range. 
Spea hammondii hammondii, Cope (1889, pp. 305, 306, pi. 49 [fig. 8], 
pi. 51 [fig. 18], pi. 68 [fig. 1], text fig. 77). General account. 
Scaphiopus hammondii, Stejneger (1893, p. 222). At Olancha. 
Scaphiopus hammondii, Dickerson (1906, pp. 59-60). General account. 
Scaphiopus hammondii, Stejneger and Barbour (1917, p. 25; 1923, p. 23). 
General range. 
Scaphiopus hammondii hammondii, Grinnell and Camp (1917, p. 140). 
Range in California. 
Scaphiopus hammondii, Stephens (1921, p. 59). At San Diego. 
Scaphiopus hammondii hammondii, Grinnell and Storer (1924, pp. 654-655). 
Habits at Mono Lake. 
Diagnosis. — Pupil of eye vertically elliptical; palms and soles of 
feet smooth except for a sharp-edged cutting ‘spade’ on inner part 
of metatarsus, and a narrow tubercle on inner edge of metacarpus; 
body relatively smooth, with many small rounded tubercles but no 
large warts. 
Comparisons. — Distinguished from all other California Salientia 
by combination of vertically elliptical pupil and sharp-edged cutting 
‘spade’ on each hind foot, together with relatively smooth skin on 
dorsal surface of body. 
Description. — Head short, thick in profile, outline from above 
bluntly oval; lower jaw overhung by muzzle ; external nares at sides 
of nasal boss and directed dorsally ; canthus rostralis scarcely indi- 
cated; eyes large and conspicuous, orbit longer than distance from tip 
of muzzle to beginning of orbit; interorbital width about three-fifths 
length of orbit ; interorbital space flat or slightly concave ; tympanic 
membrane directed laterodorsally, roughly oval in outline, slightly 
higher than wide, its greatest dimension about one-half length of 
orbit; no parotoid glands in evidence; angle of jaw below anterior 
border of tympanic membrane ; outline of lower jaw broadly rounded; 
upper arm mostly contained within body skin ; forearm slightly longer 
than hand ; first and third fingers decidedly stouter and longer than 
second and fourth, tips slightly dilated ; fingers in order of decreasing 
length 3, 1, 4, 2 ; palm smooth except for a conspicuous elongated inner 
metacarpal tubercle in line with first finger (occasionally one or two 
small palmar tubercles) ; a short web on either side of second finger ; 
body depressed ; proximal half of femur included in body skin ; femur 
decidedly longer than tibia; heels not meeting when legs are flexed; 
tarsus about one-third length of hind foot ; sole smooth save for large 
