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University of California Publications in Zoology [ v °l. 27 
Some of these larvae were collected, but the preservation was so 
poorly done that they were useless for study. A point of importance 
yet to be determined is the structure of the mouthparts, as it may be 
expected to afford information concerning the relationships of the 
boylii and pretiosa groups of frogs. 
The relationships of sierras are with the boylii group of frogs ; yet, 
as pointed out by Camp, the representatives of the present subspecies 
at Whitney Meadows resemble pretiosa in several ways. The group 
relations of our western species of Rana , as now understood by the 
present writer, are indicated by the following diagram. 
Aurora 
Draytonii 
Pretiosa 
? 
Luteiventris 
Boyli 
— Sierrae 
Muscosa 
Pipiens 
Rana pipiens Schreber. Leopard Frog 
(PL 17, fig. 52; text fig. BB) 
Bana pipiens Schreber (1782, pp. 185-191). Original description, type 
from New York State. 
Bana pipiens, Richardson (1915, p. 433). Occurrence at Lake Tahoe. 
Bana pipiens irachycephala, Camp (1916a, p. 509). Along Colorado River 
Y alley in California. 
Bana pipiens, Bryant (1917, p. 92). Introduction at Lake Tahoe. 
Bana pipiens, Grinnell and Camp (1917, p. 149, fig. 5). Range in Cali- 
fornia. 
Bana pipiens, Stejneger and Barbour (1917, p. 38; 1923, p. 36). General 
range. 
Bana halecina, Boulenger (1920, pp. 433-443). General account. 
Diagnosis. — Size moderate among California frogs, head-and-body 
length up to 74 millimeters (2% inches); head and body slender; 
tympanic membrane conspicuous, smooth-surfaced, with light spot at 
center ; dorsolateral folds well developed, dorsal surface with sharply 
outlined dark spots, each outlined with lighter color; vomerine teeth 
in two compact clusters between internal nares. 
Comparisons. — Distinguished from Scaphiopus by rounded pupil, 
slender form of body, and absence of cutting spade on hind foot ; from 
Bufonidae by slender form of head and body and absence of parotoid 
glands; from Hylidae by larger size and absence of expanded discs 
on digits; from Rana boylni ssp. by slender head and body, con- 
spicuous and smooth tympanic membrane, well-developed dorsolateral 
