54 
BUTTERFLIES, 
[Nature and Art, July 1, 1866, 
The long shore of Galata is beinS rebuilt in a 
good style, and will be connected by wide streets 
with Tophaneh and Pera. 
Upwards of ,£50,000 has been collected for the 
widows and poor house-owners who suffered by the 
fire ; and, besides this, the Viceroy, the Sultan, 
Prince Mustapha Pasha, and others, are rebuilding 
many houses and some public edifices at their own 
expense. 
The burnt portion of the Seraglio remains un- 
touched at present. 
No discoveries of importance have been made in 
Asia Minor of late. Coins continue to pour into 
Smyrna from the interior since the cessation of the 
local quarantines ; most of these have been for- 
warded to Europe under commissions from col- 
lectors ; one considerable series of Lycian coins has 
been sent to Mr. Waddington, of Paris. 
The excavations at Ephesus have totally failed to 
bring to light the remains of the temple of Diana ; 
in fact, they were mere scratching^, quite beneath 
the object in view. At present the efforts of the 
explorers are principally directed to the Great 
Theatre, and it is said, but without sufficient 
authentication, that a good statue has been found 
in the proscenium, and forwarded to the British, 
Museum. If the excavators were placed under the 
superintendence of a competent archaeologist or 
architect, Ephesus might still yield good results. 
The publication of the remarks of M. Ernest 
Penan on the topography of Ephesus is awaited 
with curiosity. 
The inscriptions of Mr. Hyde Clarke from 
Ephesus and Smyrna are now being packed to 
be forwarded to the University of Oxford, to which 
he has presented them. Most of them have been 
published in the “ Suscriptions de l’Asie Mineure.” 
M. George Tuson, Student of the Eoyal Academy, 
has visited Smyrna, and obtained some good com- 
missions. Another artist, Mr. Svoboda, has sent 
home some landscapes of Ephesus and Palmyra for 
a patron at Liverpool. 
A successful attempt has been made to photo- 
graph the Sesostris, and likewise the Niobe, which 
presented considerable difficulties. Mr. Prank 
Calbert has, it is said, been collating his observations 
in the arclueology of the Troad for the new edition 
of Murray’s Turkish Guide. 
The reduction of the French Budget is likely to 
have a bad effect on the expenditure for archeolo- 
gical purposes which has done so much for the ex- 
ploration of Asia Minor and the East. The 
j Dilettanti Society appears to have abandoned its 
expeditions under Mr. B. P. Pullan. The last 
work received here on the archaeology of Asia 
Minor is that of Messrs. Tercier and Pullan, and 
we are looking with interest for the publication by 
the French Government of the account of the mis- 
sion of M. Georges Perrot, which is now in the 
press. 
An English church was opened at Boujah on 
Easter Tuesday ; it is in the Early English style, 
with a small spire or pinnacle. The French are 
building at Smyrna a large Homan Catholic 
cathedral, and M. Lattiy is erecting an immense 
Greek casino. The terminus of the Casaba rail- 
way is a plain stone building, only relieved by 
windows, and behind it is a neat iron station 
shed. 
The new palace of the Governor - General, and 
the promised quay, are not yet commenced, but a 
fine new road has been opened to the marine suburb 
of Kara Tash. 
A local artist, — a M. Cramer, who has studied 
for a short time at Dusseldorf, — has worked up from 
a photograph a large portrait of the Sultan Abdul 
Azis, for which he says he has refused 20,000 francs ; 
he intends to present the work to the Sultan, with 
the idea, possibly, that he may not in the end be a 
great loser by that disinterested act of homage, 
REMARKS UPON SIMILAR FORMS OF BUTTERFLIES FROM 
SIMILAR CLIMATES. 
By Arthur G-. Butler, F.Z.S., Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum, 
I N the study of the beautiful works of Nature, 
there can be few things more interesting or 
instructive than the careful observation and com- 
parison of the numerous allied or mimetic forms of 
animal life. Many of these forms sO closely resemble 
each other that only the most minute examination 
of their several parts can discover any appreciable 
differences, although they may perhaps belong to 
separate families or races, whilst others apparently 
more distinct prove only to be varieties of one and 
the same species ; and, indeed, it frequently happens 
that precisely the same forms may be met with in 
totally different localities. Whether differences in 
structure and appearance have been gradually 
developed, or whether they have existed in their 
present condition since the beginning of time, is a 
question that has been much discussed, and con- 
cerning which much more might still be said : it 
certainly appears extremely unlikely that Nature, 
with her wonderful powers of design, should have 
originally produced so great a repetition of the 
same pattern, with but slight variations ; surely it 
is more reasonable to suppose that external aids 
have gradually developed these petty changes. Is 
it not as likely that any other animated being 
should, in the course of time, be changed, as that 
an Englishman should gain the features of an 
American ; and may we not with reason imagine 
