14 
ON TIN. 
[Nature and Art, January 1, 18G7. 
of trees, the central stem should be drawn first, 
noticing carefully the direction of inclination from 
a perpendicular line. This must be correct. After 
this, give the stem nearest to it to the right, placing 
a dot at the proper distance for the bottom, and 
another for the top. By this plan the lines cannot 
fail of being true in position. The tree to the left 
must follow, by placing the dots both for the bottom 
and central part of the stem at its junction with 
the lower cluster of foliage ; then the branches from 
its right side. The outer stem to the left may also 
be drawn after the same manner, and afterwards 
that to the right, with the several leading branches ; 
those more receding can now easily be adjusted, by 
observing the direction in which they lean. 
In a previous number I gave instructions for 
drawing trees, precisely after the same manner as 
above ; but it is desirable for pupils that the method 
of producing outlines should be constantly brought 
before them. 
The foliage of the nearest and central tree should 
have its several forms and clusters completed first ; 
then the tree to the left; and afterwards the 
small one to the right, as well as the rest of them 
mingling behind. In the original drawing the 
whole of the shadows were •pencilled in firmly and 
distinctly, with close and rather long lines, but 
the distant shades were more loosely given. In 
sketching from Nature, it is always as well to 
adopt the most ready means of producing the effect, 
for which I find the assistance of pencilled shadows 
extremely serviceable. 
When the shadows are finished, and the several 
characteristics of the stems, with their limbs and 
knotty projections, are correctly placed, the colours 
may be introduced, by washing them in without 
hesitation, not being too particular to take them 
up to the exact markings of the outline. This, 
indeed, has to be avoided, to prevent stiffness or 
the semblance of solidity, instead of multiplicity of 
leafage. 
In the example, the sky was washed in at the 
last, in order that the lights might be so placed as 
to render the effect agreeable, as well as valuable to 
the group, and give (what should always be sought) 
breadth. All the colours were put on in rather a 
liquid condition, and the brush so filled as to impart 
them freely, without being blotchy or overcharged. 
It is a good plan to try the colours first upon a 
spare piece of paper, to judge of the tint, and 
practise the manner of touching before proceeding 
with the drawing. This will insure a greater 
chance of success. 
Colours to be employed,— for the 
Sky — Cobalt. 
Clouds — Cobalt, sepia, and a veiy little lake. 
Foliage — Gamboge, indigo, lake ; but the trees 
behind must have cobalt added, to give a more 
vapoury tone. 
The colours mentioned above are to be used in 
combination, taking more or less of one than of the 
others, as the character of the tones may require. 
The next subject will be a lake scene. 
0 N TIN. 
By AV. B. Lord, 
I T is not our intention to use this title figura- 
tively or in its popular sense, as by so doing 
we should be committing ourselves to a task which 
we have no intention of performing, viz., that of 
explaining how the “ world’s great main-spring ” 
acts on the countless “wheels within wheels,” 
which move the puppet man from pole to pole, and 
send him either leaping in the air or grovelling in 
the dust, just as the gold and silver strings with 
which he is bound may chance to vibrate. We 
shall therefore, in passing, just touch lightly on the 
materials from which some of these “strings” are 
made, contenting ourselves with “tin” in its literal, 
sense, leaving “ metal more attractive ” to those 
who prefer its fascinations. It is both curious and 
interesting to trace the operation of those wise 
and inscrutable laws which govern the spread of 
civilization, and to mark how some coveted pro- 
duction, to be obtained only in a far-off land, sets 
the human tide flowing in that direction. The 
vast tract known as “ Rupert’s Land,” constituting 
the Hudson’s Bay Company’s territories, might have 
remained for ages the hunting-grounds of the 
savage, had not the abundance of fur-bearing 
Boyal Artillery. 
animals there discovered directed commercial enter- 
prise to their vast stores of natural wealth, and 
thus, step by step, led to the important position at 
present occupied by those regions. The chance 
discovery of gold in California by Captain Sutter, 
and later on in Australia by Hargraves, are more 
recent and familiar examples of the same cause of 
progress ; and there is no doubt that the discovery 
of tin in the Scilly Islands, by a band of wandering 
Phoenician voyagers, led to a repetition of their 
visits, and ultimately to the establishment of a 
regular trade between them and the inhabitants of 
the western extremity of England. We are informed 
that, about GOO years before Christ, Pharaoh 
Nechao, king of Egypt (the same who slew Josiah, 
king of Judah), ordered some Phoenicians to set 
out from the Red Sea, to go round Africa, to pass 
by the Straits of Hercules, to penetrate into the 
northern seas, and to bring him an exact account 
of the voyage. About this time, therefore, if not 
before, it is not unlikely that the Phoenicians, 
finding, by the voyage of their countrymen, that the 
western or great Atlantic Ocean was not so tempes- 
tuous and un navigable as their forefathers had taught 
