Nature and Art, May 1, 18G7.] 
THE VALE OF CASHMERE. 
147 
Butterflies,” where they will obtain any extra 
information they can require. Our figure is 
traced from the wing itself, which we had pre- 
viously denuded of the scales in the following 
manner : — 
With a preparation of gum-lac, dissolved in 
spirits of wine, stick your wing down upon a jnece 
of card. When it has thoroughly dried, which 
will probably be in an hour or two, dip a camel-hair 
pencil in a solution of gum-arabic, and work it 
carefully about, over the surface of the wing. This, 
after a short time, will remove the scales; after 
which wash the wing in clean water, and repeat the 
process for the other side. By this means you may 
render the wings of butterflies quite transparent, 
and the veins may then be clearly seen.* 
The scales themselves, upon which the colouring 
of all butterflies and moths entirely depends, are 
in this species exceedingly variable in outline, as 
will be seen by reference to the plate, where all 
the forms which we have been able to detect are 
figured. 
The legs of the Swallow-tailed are long and 
bristly. The two front pairs ' are furnished with a 
central pad-like appendage ; the proboscis, or 
tongue, is long, wiry, and black ; the palpi, or 
* Great care is required in preparing these wings, as the 
substance of the alary membrane is so brittle, especially in 
butterflies of the family Satyridce, that it is next to im- 
possible to avoid breaking them. 
feelers, by means of which the tongue is partially 
concealed when at rest, are singularly small and 
curiously constructed. 
The caterpillar may be found from June to 
August. The chrysalides can be obtained for a 
few pence from almost any dealer in objects of 
natural history. The perfect insect appears from 
May to August, and may be taken in fens near 
Cambridge, Norwich, Yaxley, Burwell, and 
Hornsey ; Whittlesea Mere, at Pulborough, in 
Sussex, and at Herne Bay, in the Isle of Tlianet. 
Explanation op Plate. 
Fig. 1. Papilio Machaon (Linn). 
,, 2. ,, ,, ,, (underside). 
,, 3. ,, ,, ,, (caterpillar on food-plant). 
„ 4. „ „ „ (chrysalis). 
,, 5. Wings, showing the nervures. 
,, 6. Head, magnified. 
,, 7. Palpus, magnified. 
,, 8. ,, denuded of scales. 
,, 9. Club of antenna, magnified. 
,, 10. Tip of antenna, highly magnified. 
,, 11. Proleg, magnified. 
„ 12. Middle leg. 
„ 13. Hindleg. 
„ 14. Scales on the wings, &c. 
a, prismatic or red scale. 
b, c, e, yellow scales, c commonest form. 
d, blue scale. 
/, g, black scales ; h, yellow. 
i — p, black ; o, p, marginal leg scales. 
,, 15. Papilio Dioxippus , (Hewitson, New Grenada). 
THE YALE OF CASHMERE. 
By William Simpson. 
C l A SIT MERE, like many other places, has more 
J than one etymology. The usual idea is that 
it is derived from Khush , which means happy or 
satisfied ; hence Cashmere is called “ The Happy 
Valley.” The Emperor Baber, in his Memoirs, 
gives another derivation. He says that “ the hilly 
country of the Sinde, or Hindus, was formerly 
inhabited by a race of men named Ivas, and he 
supposes that, from a corruption of the name, the 
country of Cashmere was so called, as being the 
country of the Kas, the denomination mir or mere 
being still united with the names of several geo- 
graphical divisions, such as Jesalmeer, Ajmeer, &c.” 
The derivation from Khush is that generally ac- 
cepted, because to every one it seems appropriate 
that it should be called “ The Hajrpy Valley.” It 
realizes many of the features which Hr. Johnson 
gave to the Happy Valley of Basselas. It is 
enclosed like a cup between high and picturesque 
mountains, whose beauty is celebrated, not only 
through Asia, but all over the world. The soil is 
so fertile, that it might be called a garden ; add 
to this garden, lakes, rivers, fountains, holy shrines, 
every variety of hill, many of them high in the 
region of eternal snow, and to all these a tem- 
perate and a delightful climate, and you have a 
perfect paradise upon earth. Abul Eazel, the 
Mahomedan historian, who wrote about three 
hundred years ago, describes this country. He 
says, “ Violets, roses, narcissuses, and innumerable 
flowers, grow wild.” “ The whole of Cashmere 
represents a garden in perpetual spring.” Well 
may it be said, — 
If woman can make the worst wilderness dear, 
Think, think what a lieav’n she must make of Cashmere ! 
Among the many associations connected with 
this romantic and beautiful locality, it is no new 
one that Eden may have had its place somewhere 
about it. “Cush” is the Hebrew word for Ethi- 
opia; and the Ctihon, the second river of Eden, 
“ the same is it that compasseth the whole land of 
Ethiopia.” It could not fail to strike any one 
looking at the map of Cashmere, that here is a land 
of Khush , round which the Indus flows, and “ com- 
passeth ” is a correct description of the geographical 
fact. That it is a holy place is declared by Abul 
Eazel : “ The Hindoos regard the whole of Cash- 
mere as holy land ; forty-five places are dedicated 
to Siva, sixty -four to Vishnu, three to Brahma, and 
twenty-two to Hurga, the wife of Siva. In seven 
hundred places the figures of snakes are carved, 
