GENERAL REMARKS ON CAVE FAUNA. 
21 
allied to Gammams, which lives in small pools of water and is 
white and blind ; and the cave pill bug, Titanethes alhus (Koch.).” 
In conclusion Schiodte remarks that : — 
“We may with propriety apply the collective term Subter- 
ranean Fauna to those animals which exclusively inhabit caves, 
and are expressly constructed for such habitations. Still there 
is nothing in this name which would indicate that these animals 
have any claim to be considered as a separate group, beyond the 
mere peculiarity of their common place of abode. While a few 
of them possess such an extraordinary structure as to stand in no 
comparison with those animals which inhabit the light, there are 
others, forming only more characteristic links in the groups of 
animals more or less shy of light, of which many are found common 
in the localities of the caves ; and some belong to genera having a 
wide local, as well *as geographical, extension. We are accordingly 
prevented from considering the entire phenomenon in any other 
light than something purely local, and the similarity which is ex- 
hibited in a few forms (Anophthalmus, Adelops, Bathyscia) be- 
tween the Mammoth Cave and the caves in Carniola, otherwise 
than as a very plain expression of that analogy, which subsists 
generally between the fauna of Europe and of North America. 
Besides, it is clear to me that the fauna of the caves of Carniola 
consists of two divisions, of which the essential character is refer- 
able on the one hand to the dark locality, and on the other to the 
additional confinement to stalactitic formations ; as yet we are not 
ing to Bate and Westwood (British Sessile eyed Crnstacea) the British examples have 
been obtained from artificially excavated wells connected with houses for domestic 
purposes. In some instances the wells have been old, in others but recently dug. In 
their geological condition the habitats have been equally various. At Corsham the well 
exists in the Oolite formation, at Ringwood in chalk-flint gravel, at Mannamead in 
slate. At Corsham and Mannamead they are found on a hill, at Ringwood they lie low'. 
The appearance of some of these animals in a well soon after its being excavated, 
raises a question of considerable interest. Thus they were found at upper Claftbrd, near 
Andover and at Mannamead, near ITymonth, but not a trace of them was to be foun,d in 
the surrounding streams ; in fact they perish in the light. It is impossible to regard 
them as an extreme variety, or modification of onr only fresh wmter Amphipod, Gam- 
mariis flxiviatilus^ since various parts not only differ in form, but some are altered in char- 
acter ; for example, the extraordinary elongation and slenderness of one of the branches 
of each of the last pair of caudal appendages seem to be a special structure, having 
for its object the antenna-like use of a delicate apparatus at the extremity of the body. 
. . . . Although we can find no freshwater ally to this genus in the rivers and 
streams of Europe, yet Bruzelius has taken in the deep sea, near Bohusia, a form which 
he has described under the name Eriopis elongata, approximating so nearly to it that it 
appears to be scarcely generically distinct. 
VVe are inclined to think that Gammarus pungens of Milne Edwards, from the warm 
springs of Cassini in Italy, also belongs to this genus.” Of Ni))hargiis these are the 
following species known besides N. stygius', i.e. N. aquilex Schiodte (Gammartis imte- 
anus Koch, the embryology of which has been studied by V. St. George) X.fontanus 
Bate, V. Kochiamis Bate. Another generic form is Crangonyx founded by Bate, which 
also belongs to the subterranean fauna. “ A single species as yet is all that has been 
found in England; but we have little doubt but that Gamniarus Ei'manni of Milne Ed- 
wards which was found by M. Ermann in the warm springs of Kanitschatka belongs 
also to this genus. It is carious that we should have to record that while the animals 
of this genus, as in the preceding (Niphargns) inhabit the deep artificial wells, without 
being known to exist in our livers and streams, its nearest allied form is to be found 
in a marine genus, Gammarella.” 
