20 
GENERAL REMARKS ON CAVE FAUNA. 
and the Corneale cave at Trieste. The only plant found was a 
sort of fungus, Byssiis fulviis Linn. The only vertebrate is the 
singular salamander, Hypochthon (Proteus) anguinus^ found in the 
Magdalina river. No shells were found. Regarding the articu- 
lates he writes : - 
“On searching along the walls within the entrance of the caves, 
among the rubbish and the vegetable debris along the sides of the 
river, we meet with a considerable number of Insecta, M3niopoda, 
Arachnida and Crustacea, of various families which shim dajdight ; 
being such species only as inhabit promiscuously other places, 
provided the}^ are moist and feebl}^ illumined. We find species of 
Pterostichus, Priston^mhus, Amara, Quedius, Homalota, Omalium, 
blister, Trichopteryx, Ciyptophagus, Atomaria, Ptinus, Ceraphron, 
Belyta, a grasshopper of the Locust family, probably the Maphiclo- 
pliora cavicola Fischer, as it was only seen in the larva state, Trich- 
optera, Sciara, Psychoda, Phora, Heterony^za, Sapromyza, Tomoce- 
rus, Linyphia, Gamasus, Cryptops, Julus, and Asellus. In pro- 
portion as we recede from the entrance the number o^ species as 
well as individuals greatly decreases, and at the distance which 
entirely excludes the light, only single individuals are found. In 
the deepest recesses these species are entirel}^ wanting, except 
some few which have been transported b}^ the current ; onl}^ a few 
Diptera are found ; namel}^, a species of Phora, very near P. ma- 
Gulata Meig., Heteromyza flavijjes Zett., and Sapromyza cJirysoph- 
tlialma Zett., extending also very far into the caves, even to the 
remotest accessible places in Adelsberg cave, more than half an 
hour’s walk from its entrance. Dead moths are occasional^ found 
far in the caves, being left there by the bats ; and likewise acci- 
dental specimens of the parasites of the latter. Of the five ear- 
lier known animals which inhabit these caves, I found Pristonycha 
elegans Dej. rather frequent^, and Homalota speloea Er. in consid- 
erable numbers. Besides these are Anoptlialmus Schmidtii, which 
is very rare, and the wood louse, Titanethes alba. The new forms 
he found were a beetle {Bathyscia byssina) allied to our Adelops 
Stagobius troglodytes^ an aberrant genus of Silphids ; a Podurid, 
Anuropliorus Stillicidii; and the two blind arachnidaiis, one a spi- 
der allied to Dysdera, the Stalita tmnaria., and a false-spider, Blo- 
thrus spelceus. Among the Crustacea he found Nipliargus stygius^ t 
* Ludwig Muller enumerates four other species of Adelops from these caves, and 
three species from France, and Maclicerites spelceus, in Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Vereins, 
Wien, 1855, p. 505. See also Heller’s Beitrage zur osterreich. Grotten-Fauna. (Myrio- 
poda and Crustacea.) Vienna, 1858. He describes a myriopod with rudimentary eyes 
{Tr achy splicer ia Schmidtii) allied to Glomeris, and another blind species {Brachydesmus 
subterraneus) allied to Polydesmus ; also a new Titlianethes ( T. graniger), and notices 
Monolistrci cceca Gerst. Waukel (1861) also found a new Phalangid (Leiobunum troglo- 
dytes) with distinct eyes and four species of mites in the caves of Eastern Austria. The 
mites are Scyphius sjjelceus, Linopcodes subterraneus, Gamasus loricatus and G. niveus. 
and an 'additional species of Trachysphairia {T. HyrtUi). See also Ehrenberg’s list oi 
cave insects (Monabsberichte der Akad. Berlin. 1861.) 
t Several species of Nipliargus occur in the wells and hot in Europe. Accord- 
