GRUINiE. GRUS. 
35 
extent ; tarsus moderately compressed, anteriorly scutel- 
late, reticulate on the sides ; toes four ; the first very 
small and somewhat elevated, the anterior rather short, 
stout, scutellate above, somewhat flattened beneath, the 
second a little shorter than the fourth ; claws short, little 
compressed, obtuse. Plumage full, rather compact ; 
wings very long, ample, convex, rather pointed ; the in- 
ner secondaries elongated and decurved ; tail short, 
rounded. 
GENUS LXXXIY. GRUS. CRANE. 
Bill considerably longer than the head, stout, straight, 
tapering, compressed, obtusely pointed ; upper mandible with 
the dorsal line straight, until near the end, when it is decli- 
nate and somewhat convex, the ridge rather broad and nearly 
flat for two-thirds, then convex, the sides sloping, the edges 
strong, sharp, straight, without notch, the tip narrowed, thin- 
edged, rather obtuse ; nasal groove large, half the length of 
the bill, filled by a bare membrane ; lower mandible with 
the angle very narrow and extending to the middle, the 
dorsal line ascending, almost straight, the sides of the crura 
concave, the edges sharp and strong, the tip narrow, rather 
obtuse ; gape-line straight, commencing opposite the base of 
the ridge. Mouth very narrow ; palate convex, with three 
longitudinal anterior series of strong horny papillae ; upper 
mandible internally moderately concave, with a prominent 
median line ; tongue rather long, einarginate and papillate 
at the base, trigonal, acute ; oesophagus rather narrow, with- 
out crop ; stomach a very strong gizzard, having powerful 
lateral muscles, and a dense rugous epithelium ; intestine of 
moderate length, rather narrow ; two oblong coeca. Trachea 
moderately flattened, curved and entering a cavity in the 
sternum, whence it is reflected before passing into the tho- 
rax ; bronchi wide. Nostrils linear, direct, submedial. Eyes 
of moderate size ; eyelids bare. Aperture of ear small, 
roundish. Legs very long ; tibia bare about a fourth of its 
length, reticulated ; tarsus very long, slender, moderately 
compressed, with numerous curved scutella before, small 
