ANSERINJE. CYGNUS. 
157 
lar form on the sides of the tipper mandible to beyond the 
nostrils ; feet black ; plumage pure white, the head tinged 
with orange-red. Female similar, but considerably smaller* 
Young with the bill dusky at the end, reddish toward the 
base, the partially bare skin at its base flesh-colour ; the feet 
reddish-grey ; the plumage pale bluish-grey. 
Male, 60, 95, 25f, 3& 4 T %, T %, 1 T V 
This, the common Wild Swan, arrives in Britain in the 
end of autumn, and departs in April. It is said to breed in 
the more northern regions of Europe and Asia ; but does not 
occur in America. In severe weather it is often met with 
in great numbers on our estuaries, as well as inland. Its 
food consists chiefly of slender fleshy roots and stems of aqua- 
tic plants, often of Zostera marina. The oesophagus thirty 
inches long ; stomach transversely elliptical, five inches in 
breadth ; intestine thirteen feet long ; coeca thirteen inches 
and a half ; rectum ten. The trachea enters the crest of the 
sternum to the depth of three or four inches ; the lower la- 
rynx, extremely compressed, an inch and two-twelfths in 
height, only two-twelfths in breadth, lies on the anterior 
edge of the sternum ; the bronchi four inches long. 
Anas Cygnus ferus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 194. — Anas Cyg- 
nus, Lath. Ind. Ornith. ii. 833.— Anas Cygnus, Temm. Man. 
d’Ornith. ii. 828. — Cygnus musicus, Whooping Swan, Mac- 
Gillivray, Brit. Birds, v. 
241. Cygnus Americanus. American Swan. 
Adult male about fifty-four inches long, eighty-five in ex- 
tent of wings; bill from the joint to the tip of the upper 
mandible three inches and four-twelfths, its greatest width 
near the end an inch and a quarter ; from the eye to the tip of 
the bill four inches and nine-twelfths ; tarsus four inches ; 
middle toe four inches and three-fourths, its clawten-twelfths ; 
tail of twenty feathers, moderately rounded ; bill and bare 
space on the fore part of the head black, with an oblong 
orange patch, never more than an inch in length, between 
the eye and the base of the bill ; feet black ; plumage pure 
white, the head tinged with orange-red. Female similar to 
the male, but considerably smaller. Young at first with the 
bill reddish-white, brown at the end ; the feet light grey ; 
the plumage of a deep leaden tint ; in winter with the bill 
flesh-coloured, dusky toward the end; the feet dusky, the 
plumage light bluish-grey ; the upper part of the head dusky- 
