88 
CHOUGH. 
to undertake so long- a tliglit. If we calculate the velocity of this bird 
on the wing-, and that it can and does suspend itself in the air for fourteen 
or sixteen hours tog-ether in search of food, it cannot fly over a less 
space than between two and three hundred miles in that time. We have 
frequently observed upon the downs, swallows follow, and repeatedly fly 
round with great ease, a horse in. full trot, at a rate not less than ten 
miles an hour, in order to pick up the flies roused from the grass by the 
motion of his feet. 
It is certain, however, some few are seen in the winter months before 
Christmas, although they had all disappeared long before. 
CHIP CHOP.— A name for the Chiff-Chaff. 
CHOUGH {Pyrrliocorax graculus^ Temminck.) 
*Pyrrhocorax graculus, Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1. p. 122. — Corvus graculus, 
Syst. 1. p. 158. 18. — Gmel. Syst. 1. p. 377. — Lath. Ind. Orn. l.p. 165. 41. — 
Corvvis docilis, Gmel. Syst. 3. p. 385. t. 39 — Coracias, seu Pyrrhocorax, Raii, 
Syn. p. 40. A. 6. — Will. p. 86. t. 19. — Briss. 2. p. 3. t. 1. — Corvus eremita, 
Gmel. Syst. 1. p. 377. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. p. 166. 42. — Le Coracias, on Le 
Coracias Huppe on sonneur, Buff. Ois. 3. p. 1. and 9. t. 1. — Ib. pi. Enl. 255. 
— Stein-Krahe, Bechst. Naturg. Dent. 2. p. 1238. — Ih. Tasschenb. Dent. p. 91, 
— Meyer, Tasschenb. Dent. 1. p. 101. — lb. Vog. Dent. t. Heft. — Hermit Crow, 
Lath. Syn. 2. p. 403. 41.— Gesner’s Wood Crow, p. 396 Cornish Chongh, 
Albin, 2.t. 24. — Will. (Angl.) p, 126, t. 19, — Haye’s Br. Birds, t. 6. — Red- 
legged Crow, Br. Zoo). 1. No. 80. t. 35. — Lewins Br. Birds, 1. t. 41. — Lath. 
Syo. 1. p. 401 — Mont. Orn. Diet Ib. Supp Pult. Cat. Dorset, p. 6. — 
Bewiclis Br. Birds, 1. p. 80. — Shaw’s Zook 7. p. 378 Selby, pi. 33. p. 81. 
Provincial. — Cornish Daw. Cornwall Kae. Killigrew. Chauk-Daw. 
Market-Jew Crow.* 
This species weighs about fourteen ounces ; length near seventeen 
inches. The bill is longer and more slender than in any of the genus, a 
little curved, of a deep orange-red, much resembling red coral, and 
is remarkably brittle ; irides hazel. 
The plumage is wholly black, glossed with purple ; legs and feet 
red ; claws black, strong, and much hooked. 
The female differs in not being so large, and in the bill being shorter; 
the plumage in both sexes is alike. 
This bird with us seems to be chiefly confined to Devonshire, Corn- 
wall, and Wales, where it is found on most of the bold rocky shores. 
It has been seen on the cliffs of Dover, supposed to have escaped from 
confinement, and stocked those rocks. But we believe the breed in 
those parts is again lost. 
Mr. Pennant observes that it is found in some parts of Scotland, and 
in the Hebrides. It is seldom seen at any great distance from the sea- 
coast, where it breeds in the rocks and caverns ; and not unfrequently 
in ruined towers. A pair of these birds had, for many years, bred in 
the ruins of Crow Castle, in the vale of Llangollen in Denbighshire ; 
