GRACULIN^. 
113 
compressed, rather acute, their sides flattened and erect. 
Plumage dense, very soft, glossy, blended ; feathers of the 
head short ; small decurved bristles ; wings long ; the first 
quill very short and narrow, the fourth longest ; tail of mode- 
rate length, even, of twelve broad truncate feathers. 
The Fregili, of which two species occur in Europe, in- 
habit rocks and towers, where they also nestle, and search 
' the open pastures for worms and insects. They are grega- 
rious, and resemble the Crows and Starlings in their habits. 
56. Fregilus Graculus. Long-billed Chough. 
Bill longer than the head, attenuated, and with the feet 
vermilion ; plumage black, highly glossed, with purplish-blue 
and green tints ; feathers of the head and neck blended ; tail 
even, about the same length as the closed wings. 
Male, 17, 34, 11|, 2^, 2/^, IJ, 
Occurs in flocks in various parts of England, Ireland, and 
Scotland, residing in maritime clifl’s, and feeding in the pas- 
tures on worms, larvm, insects, and occasionally seeds. Its 
note is loud and clear, its flight and mode of w^alking quicker 
than those of the Crows. It nestles in rocks or caves, laying 
five eggs, of a dull white, sprinkled with light brown and 
ash-coloured spots, most at the larger end.’^ 
Chough. Cornish Chough. Cornish Daw. Cornwall Kae. 
Chauk Daw. Killigrew. Red-legged Crow. 
Corvus Graculus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 158. — Pyrrhocorax 
Graculus, Temm. Man. d’Ornith. i. 122. — Fregilus Graculus, 
Long-billed Chough, MacGillivray, Brit. Birds, i. 587. 
FAMILY XIII. GRACULINiE. GRACULINE 
BIRDS, OR GRAKLES. 
Assuming the genus Gracula of Cuvier as typical or 
characteristic of a group of birds, allied to the Crows on 
the one hand, and to the Thrushes on the other, I here 
I substitute the family name of Graculin^ for that of 
ThremmaphilincB, which I have elsewhere used to desig- 
nate the same group. Several authors name these birds 
Sturnidse, but the genus Sturnus seems to me to be one 
of the least characteristic. The student who confines his 
H 
