XXII 
ON THE GENERA. 
The following osteological characters of this group are taken from Eyton’s ‘ Osteologia 
Avium ’ : — 
Cranium more flattened than among the Picidce, with which they have been classed ; no 
foramen in the orbital septum, except that through which the optic nerve passes ; the 
channel for the masseter muscles large, extending to the occiput; occipital ridge well 
marked. 
Sternum broad ; fissures on the posterior margin very deep, extending for more than half 
the length of the sternum ; the anterior edge, behind the junction of the coracoids, very 
much prolonged ; lateral edges constricted behind the articulation of the ribs, which is very 
far forwards; keel very shallow; inferior edge quite straight; anterior edge also straight, 
produced nearly to the end of the manubrial process. Pelvis with the ischium slanting 
very much outwards, the line of demarcation along the junction of the ilium with it nearly 
obliterated: two spines are apparent on its posterior margin, one on its inner edge, the 
other near the centre ; obturator foramen similar to that of the Piciclce, but narrower ; 
ischiadic foramen also smaller. Ribs narrow ; styliform process very broad ; coracoids longer 
than among the Picidce-, furculum weak, the rami merely united by a ligament. Wing- and 
leg-bones similar to those of the Picidce. 
The following details of the soft anatomy were entirely taken from the manuscript notes 
of Mr. Brian Hodgson, and, though referring only to North Indian species, are probably 
characteristic of the whole group. 
The stomach is of median subequal thickness, rather muscular, and gizzard-like in form ; 
the intestinal canal is rather short, very capacious and subequal throughout ; there are no 
cseca, and the general formation of the intestines seems more adapted for vegetable than 
animal food. The inner coat of the stomach is tough and grooved in the adult bird. The 
orbits are nude, and there is no membrane over the nostril. 
A. P() G OXOEII YXCII I N JE . 
This subfamily has the strong characteristic of toothed bills, which feature makes it easy 
for a naturalist to distinguish species belonging to it at once. Two genera are found in 
Africa ; and the third was discovered, about fifteen years ago, in South America. The former 
have the upper mandible toothed, and the latter the lower one at tip. 
A. Rostro dentato. 
A'. Maxilla dentata. 
A". Pectore setis nigris ornato Tricholama. 
B". Pectore setis haud ornato Pogonorhynchus. 
B'. Mandibulse apice bifurcato Tetragonops. 
1. Genus Tkicholzema. 
Characteristics . — The distinguishing feature on which this genus was separated from 
Pogonorhynchus by Yerreaux is the long, fine, black bristles, which are formed by the pro- 
