THE GENERAL SUBJECT. 
Mamm» 9 
Schmidt, Max. Ou the Duration of Life of Animals in the Zoological 
, Garden at Frankfort-on-the-Main. P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 299-319. 
The tables devoted to the Mammalia occupy pp. 301-308. Of 205 
Mammals observed, the mean duration of life was nearly three years and 
ten months. 
Steel, J. H. Preliminary Notes on Individual Variations in Equus 
^ asinus. P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 2-8. 
Describes the individual variations, very often considerable, of the 
various organs in a largo number of Donkeys dissected by the author 
— a much needed kind of observation. 
SwAEN, A. [See Masquelin, H ] 
Thomas, O. On Mammals from Ecuador. P. Z. S. 1880, pp, 393-403. 
41 species are mentioned, several being interesting as extending the range 
of species, and one being new. [See Cehidce, Mustelidoi, Procyonidce^ 
Sciu7'idce, Bradypodidce^ Dasypodidce ; also Chh'optera.'} 
Trouessart, E. L. Catalogue des Mammiferes vivants et fossiles. [Gf. 
Zool. Rec. xvi. Mamm. p. 8.] 
Three more parts of this catalogue have been issued, containing the 
Insectivora^ and the Glires as far as the Octodontidce (as arranged by 
Alston). The part containing ihQ Insectivora was published in R. Z.; the 
first of those with the Rodents in Bull. Soc. Angers, 1880, p. 58 et seq., 
whilst the remaining one is apparently published separately. 
. [See also Chiroptera and InsectivoraJ] 
Turner, W. [See Bovidce and CetaceaJ] 
Viallanes, H. [See Tacliyglossidw.'] 
Wallace, A. R. Island Life, or the Phenomena and Causes of Insular 
Faunas and Floras, including a revision and attempted solution 
of the problem of Geological Climates. London : 1880, pp. i.-xvii. & 
1-526. 
After an introductory part on the general phenomena of the distribu- 
tion of organized beings, and on the question of glacial epochs, their 
origin and age, a general account of the faunas and floras of certain 
selected islands is given, and their origin explained on the principles 
enunciated in part i. Mammalia (except bats) are absent from all true 
oceanic islands ; on other islands (classed as “ recent continental,” 
“ ancient continental,” and “ anomalous ”) they are present. Lists of the 
Mammalia of Borneo (p. 351), Japan (p. 306), Formosa (p. 374), and are 
given, and those of Madagascar and Celebes treated of. Particular atten- 
tion is also called to a supposed Mammal indigenous to New Zealand, said 
to have been seen several times (p. 446). 
Wilson, H. S. [See Physetei-idce.'] 
