38 Moll. 
MOLLUSCA. 
Class — Gastropoda. 
1 Order — Streptoneura = Prosohrancliia of Milne-Edwards. 
Suborder 1. — Zygohranchia (many Scutibranchia). 
„ 2. — Azygobranchia {Pectinibranchia). 
2 Order — Ortiioneura. 
Tribe 1. — Ichnopoda — Opifithobranchia of Milne-Edwards, 
,, 2 . — Pulmonata. 
„ 3. — Pteropoda. 
Class — Ampeiineura (Von Ihering), including the Chitonidce, Neomenia, 
and Chcetoderma. 
Records. 
H. V. IiiERiNG & W. KoBEi/r have given a record of the literature of 
the Mollusca, recent and fossil, for the year 1879, in Zool. JB. Neap. i. 
pp. 803-897. 
W. Dali^ gives a record on the American work in the department of 
recent Mollusca during the year 1879, in Am. Nat. xiv. pp. 426-436. 
CEPHALOPODA. 
Some notes on the physiology of the chromatophoros in the Cephalo- 
pods, by C. F. KrujvENRERG, Vergl. Physiol. Studien, i. pp. 1-37. They 
are expanded, and cause darkening also in isolated particles of the skin, if 
moderately irritated. Quinine causes in Eledone moschota a nearly white 
colour of the skin by permanent contraction of the chromatophores, but 
they are capable of again expanding by other irritations. Nicotine 
causes contraction, atropine and strychnine permanent expansion, all 
three also in very small isolated particles of the skin ; chloroform and 
ether paralyze the chromatophores in the contracted state, camphor 
paralyzes them w^hen expanded, and there is no other remedy but 
complete washing away of the poison by a large quantity of sea-water. 
In Sepia, the chromatophores of the head and visceral sac are much more 
sensible in this respect than those of the back. The change of colour in 
the skin is caused either by the action of the central ganglions on the 
peripheric ganglions, or by direct irritation of the latter. 
The nuchal cartilage of the Cephalopods is described by H. v, Ihering ; 
in Sepia it is thin and flat, its upper surface clothed with epithelium, 
only the edges and under surface beset with muscular fibres, in Loligo, 
Ommastrephes, Onychoteuthis, and Enoploteuthis it is provided w ith large 
wing-like appendages on both sides, serving for the insertion of the 
muscles, that of Rossia macrosoma is somewhat intermediate, and that of 
Sepiola is much reduced. Z. wiss. Zool. xxxv. pp. 18-22. 
H. V. Ihering discusses several points of comparative morphology of 
the Cephalopods. The valve in the funnel according to him is analogous 
to the middle prominence between the two fins of the Pteropods, both 
forming the protopodium, but in other respects the Pteropods are very 
far from the Cephalopods ; the renal and genital organs of the Cepha- 
lopods have more resemblance to those of the Bivalves, Solenoconchce and 
