114 MolL 
MOLLUSCOIDEA. 
and forms a square prominence for fixation ; the crown makes its first 
appearance also internally, and is afterwards evaginated on the opposite 
end of the animal ; the basal peripheric edge is overlapped like an 
umbrella and overgrows the whole animal like the mantle of a Mollusk ; 
the ab-oral face of the larva finally becomes the outside of the adult, and 
a part of it by invagination the epithelial layer of the polypid, the oral 
face of the larva becoming partly the muscular layer of the adult ; the 
whole metamorphosis therefore consists of a thorough reversal of the 
larval organs, but not a total annihilation of them, as thought by other 
authors from the transformation of Cyphonautes into Membranipora. 
Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) ix. Art. 7, 67 pp. 3 pis. ; abstract in J. R. Micr. Soc. 
(2) i. pp. 30-33. 
Segmentation of the egg, spermatozoids, and further development of 
Alcyonella fungosa (Pall.) described by W. Reiniiard ; he describes 
a sort of atrophied stolones, and thinks that what has been described as 
ooecium by Metschnikoff and Nitsche, is only the extended ovary itself, 
in which all embryos except one perish and become “ brown bodies.” 
Zool. Anz. iii. pp. 208-210. 
The same author gives some notes on the gemmation in Cristatella and 
the first stages of it after leaving the statoblast; 1. c. pp. 211, 212, 234 & 
235 ; abstract in J. R. Micr. Soc. iii. p. 609. 
Geographical Distribution. 
A new genus of freshwater Polyzoaj Norodonia, apparently allied to 
Hippotlioa^ from Cambodia and China ; Jullien, Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. 1880, 
p. 77, woodcut. 
SaimeUf Finland. Alcyonella henedeni, Cristatella mucedo, and Pluma- 
tella repens ; Sahlberg, Medd. Soc. Fenn. iii. [1878], pp. 168 & 169. 
Arctic Sea. 33 species of Polyzoa from Barents Sea near Novaya 
Zemlya mentioned with distinct localities by W. S. M. D’Urban, Ann. 
N. H. (5) vi. pp. 263, 264, & 272-276 ; the new species described by 
T. Hincks, 1. c. pp. 280-286. 
16 species of marine Polyzoa collected in Smith Sound by H. W. 
Feilden, are enumerated by Gr. Busk, J. L. S. xv. pp. 231-241, pi. xiii. 
8 species of Polyzoa found in Cumberland Gulf and Annanactook 
Harbour, Baffins Bay, by the Howgate Polar Expedition, enumerated by 
A. E. Verrill, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 15, pp. 148-150. 
North Sea. 9 species of marine Polyzoa from Goteborg (Sweden) with 
indication of the depth at which they are found, by A. W. Malm, 
Gothenburg’s Naturhist. Museum, i.. Catalog d. in d. Fischerei-Ausstellung 
in Berlin ausgest. Sammlung, p. 23. 
British Seas. 235 species of marine Polyzoa are included in Hincks’s 
work ; for 28 species, Shetland is the only British locality, 1 of them, Gel- 
laria johnsoni, is Mediterranean and Madeiran, another, Porina borealis, 
Arctic and abyssal ; Devon, Cornwall, and the Channel Islands are the 
northern limit of a number of Mediterranean species ; the north-eastern 
shores of England, Northumberland and Durham, although thoroughly 
