ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 
Crust, 8 
globules, described by Helder [Zool. Rec. xvi. Crust, p. 6] in two species 
of Lernanthropus^ in Congericola and Clavella ; the lateral appendages 
(gills) are rhythmically contracted ; the existence of two sorts of fluids, a 
colourless with white globules (leucocyts) in the cavity of the body, and 
of red blood without globules in closed vessels, is the same as in the 
higher Annelids; the author calls the first plasmatic, and the second 
haematic fluid. Bull. Ac. Belg. (2) xlix. p. 5 ; Zool. Anz. iii. pp. 35-39 
& 65-60. 
Jobert’s statements concerning the respiration of Uca [Zool. Rec. xiv. 
Crust, p. 15] reported and discussed by C. S. Bate, Rep. Brit. Ass. 1880, 
p. 235. 
M. Hartog has observed anal respiration in Cyclops, Canthocamptus, 
and Diaptomus: at regular intervals, after the backward sway of the intes- 
tine, the anal valves open for an instant and then close, giving just time 
for a slight indraught of water during the opening, and a slight expulsion 
at its close ; an anal respiration is found widely among Crustacea, in 
Phyllopoda, Cladocera, and even in Astacus ; it occurs also in the Eoti- 
fera and in some other Vermes, in the Iloloihurice, in most aquatic larvaa 
of Insecta, and in Dentalium among the Mollusca; it appears therefore to 
be rather primitive. Q. J. Micr. Sci. xx. pp. 244 & 245 ; abstract in J. R. 
Micr. Soc. iii. p. 632. The same anal respiration observed in the Zoea of 
Cancer and of some prawns ; id. 1. c. p. 485, J. R. Micr. Soc. iii. p. 944. 
4. Digestion. 
M. Weber has examined histologically and chemically, and described 
the so-called liver of terrestrial, freshwater, subterraneous, littoral, and 
truly marine species of different orders, viz. : — several Oniscidce, includ- 
ing the blind Typhloniscus steini, Asellus aquaticus, and the subterra- 
neous A. cavaticus, Gammarus pulex, Jluviatilis, puteanus, marinus, 
and locusta, Talitrus and Orchestia, and Astacus jluviatilis. He comes 
to the conclusion that in the Decapoda, Amphipoda, and Isopoda, this 
gland is tubular and contains at least two sorts of cells, one of which 
secretes a fluid acting as a ferment (enzyme) on albuminous substances, 
and the other a pigment allied with a fatty substance and cholestearin, 
serving for the emulsion for fat. He calls the first ferment-cells, the 
second liver-cells, and the whole organ “ hepato-pancreas,” as it combines 
the function of the liver and that of the true digestive glands of the Yer- 
tebrates. During the embryonal stage, the liver is developed and active 
in the Crustacea, as in the Vertehrata, which proves that its function is 
not only digestion, but also excretion. In some Amphipods aud Decapods, 
there is a third sort of cells, probably reserve-cells, which are destined to 
supply, if necessary, the others. Arch. mikr. Anat. xvii. pp. 385-457, 
pis. xxxvi.-xxxviii. ; abstract in J. R. Micr. Soc. iii. p. 424. 
Spectroscopical observations on the pigments in the liver of several 
Decapods by C. Fr. Krukenberg Yergleichend. physiologische Studien, 
iii. pp. 185, 187, & 188, with a table. 
The solid parts in the stomach of the Bmc/iywm have been the object of 
special research by E. Nauck, who gives a general sketch of them, with 
