2 Ins. 
INSECTA. 
Bertkau, P. Bericht iiber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im 
Gebiete der Arthropoden im Jahre 1879. Arch. f. Nat. xlvi. pt. ii, 
pp. 233-570. 
Brandt, A. Commentaro zur Keimblaschentbeorie des Eies. ii. Das 
Koimblasclicn als primare Zelle. Die amoboide Bewoglicbkeit des 
KeimbliischeDS und Zellkerns, besonders in ihren Beziehungen zur 
Eifurchung, Befruchtung und Kerntheilung. Arch. mikr. Anat. xvii. 
pp. 551-574. 
A review of criticisms by various authors on the writer’s previous papers 
on the subject. 
Brandt, E. Recherches sur I’anatomie comparde du syst^me nerveux 
dans les divers Ordres de la Classe des Insectes. C. R. xci. pp. 
935-937. 
The writer sums up his principal observations on Coleoptera, Lepido- 
ptera, Diptera, and Ilemiptera as follows. Coleoptera : (1) In some species 
the sub-oesophagal ganglion is confounded with the thoracic ganglion ; 
the cerebral ganglia are always convoluted. (2) There are one to three 
thoracic ganglia ; if two or three are present, only the last is composite. 
(3) The number of abdominal ganglia varies from one to eight ; in some 
species there are no separate abdominal ganglia, as they are confounded 
with the thoracic portion ; sometimes the males of the same species present 
more separate ganglia than the females. Lepidoptera : (1) All present 
two cephalic ganglia ; the sub-oesophagal ganglion is convoluted. (2) There 
are generally two thoracic ganglia, the first simple, the second composite ; 
some species have three, sometimes close together, sometimes separated ; 
an intermediate form with two, the second constricted, also occurs. 
(3) There are always 4 abdominal ganglia ; Hepialus humuli alone has 5. 
Diptera : (1) Two separated cephalic ganglia are always present, and the 
sub-oesophagal ganglion is always convoluted. (2) There are from one 
to three thoracic ganglia ; if two, both are composite ; if three, the last 
only is so. (3) The number of abdominal ganglia varies from one to 
eight, and sometimes varies according to the sex ; in the Muscidoi Caly~ 
pterce the abdominal ganglia are not separated, but confounded with the 
central nervous mass of the thorax. (4) There is one frontal and two 
pairs of small pharyngeal ganglia ; but the abdominal portion of the 
sympathetic system is not distinct. Ilemiptera. (1) Some have no 
separate sub-oesophagal ganglion, when it is confounded with the medul- 
lary portion of the thorax. (2) In some cases it is separate, and placed 
in the thorax instead of the head ; the cerebral lobes are always convo- 
luted. (3) In some cases, where two thoracic ganglia are present, the 
first is formed by the fusion of the first thoracic ganglion with the sub- 
oesophagal ganglion. (4) The number of thoracic ganglia varies from 
one to three. (5) There are no separate abdominal ganglia ; they are 
always confounded with the thoracic portion of the nervous system. The 
numbers of species examined are as follows : — Coleoptera, 235 perfect 
insects, 36 larvae ; Lepidoptera, 118 perfect insects, 42 larvae ; Diptera, 
275 perfect insects, 29 larvae ; Ilemiptera, 70 species. 
