THE GENERAL SUBJECT. 
Tns. 5 
Karsch, F. Neue Zoocecidien und Cecidozoen. Z. ges. Naturw. (3) v. 
pp. 286-309. 
Includes notices of 41 galls, mostly undetermined ; but 5 species of 
Diplolej^is^ and 1 of Cecidomyia, are described as new. 
Katter, F. Index Entomologicus, pars i., qua continentur noraina 
Entomologorum Europee (exceptis Galliae Coleopterologis), Societatum 
Actorumque entomologicorum. Putbus : 1880, 12mo, pp. 1^-124. 
Koppen, F. T. Die schadlichen Insecten Russlands. St. Petersburg : 
1880, 8vo, pp. vi. & 526, pi. 1. [Forms Beitr. Russ. Reiches (2) iii.] 
In an introduction of 84 pp., the author first discusses the climatic 
zones of Russia, of which he admits 4 : (1) the arctic, or tundra zone ; 
(2) the forest zone ; (3) the steppe zone ; (4) the Mediterranean district. 
The principal trees and cultivated plants of Russia are then enumerated, 
and the insects injurious to the root, leaves, &c., indicated. The chief 
agricultural zones of Russia are marked by rye, flax, mixed grain, 
mangel-wurzel, and wheat. The introduction concludes with general 
remarks on the destruction of injurious insects, the question of State 
interference, &c. The bulk of the work consists of more or less detailed 
notices of the principal insects injurious to agriculture, &c., in Russia, 
systematically arranged under the various orders. 
Kraatz, G. Missbildungen von Insecten. Deutsche E. Z. xxiv. 
figs. 339-345, pi. ii. 
Referring to Mocquerys’s work (vide Coleoptera), Kraatz describes and 
figures a considerable number of malformed Coleoptera, and a malformed 
pupa of Sphinx ligustri. 
Kraucher, G. Der Bau der Stigmen bei den Insecten. Zool. Anz. iii. 
pp. 584-588. 
The author describes the structure and development of the stigmata, of 
which he recognizes 5 distinct forms : — 
I. Without lips. 
a. The stigma is a simple cavity, kept open by a chitinous ring. 
h. The stigma consists of a series of separate stigmata, generally 
surrounded by a common chitinous ring. They project as 
tubes into the underlying trachea. 
II. With lips. 
c. The lips are represented by simply formed thinly haired 
chitinous elevations. 
d. The lips slope inwards, and are covered with dense hair or 
down. 
e. On one side of the round stigma is a process projecting towards 
the middle. 
Li^inard, y. Recherches snr le systeme uerveux des Arthropodes; 
constitution de I’anneau oesophagien. partie. Bull. Ac.|Belg. 
xlix. pp. 176-188, pi. ; Arch. Biol. i. pp. 381-391, pi. xv. 
Four types of structure, of which Crustaceans, Dytiscus, Cossus, and 
Haustellate Insects generally, may be respectively regarded as typical, are 
