THE GENERAL SURJECT. 
Ins. 7 
Ormerod, E. a. Notes of Observations of Injurious Insects, Report, 
1879. London : 1880, 8vo, pp. iv. & 44, woodcuts. 
Discusses the ravages of 32 species, of different Orders, in a practical 
manner. 
POLETAJEW, H. Die Flugmuskeln der Lepidopteren und Libelluliden. 
Zool. Anz. hi. pp. 212 & 213. 
The wing-muscles of Lepidoptera may be considered as the model of 
those of many other insects. They may be divided into three groups ; 
(1) a pair of median longitudinal muscles, which run longitudinally 
upwards into the metathorax and depress the wings ; (2) lateral dorso- 
veutral muscles of the meso- and meta-thorax, which are fixed above to 
the pterygodes, and below to the sides of the external skeleton, and 
which depress the wings; (3) middle dorso-ventral muscles, lying between 
the dorsal and lateral muscles, attached above to the dorsal plates^ and 
below to the skeleton of the legs ; these raise the wings. , There are only 
two muscles attached to the wings above by tendons. The axis of rota- 
tion of the wings runs parallel to the axis of the body. In the Libellu- 
lidcB^ the median wing-muscles and the pterygodes are absent. Each of 
the principal muscles is connected with one or two very small accessory 
muscles, and the muscles are attached immediately to the base of the 
swollen wing-veins. All the muscles are fixed at their upper, and some- 
times at their lower end also, by conical, cup-shaped tendons. The 
rotatory axis of the wings intersects the axis of the insect at an angle of 
30-55®. 
PuTON, A. Quelques mots sur la Nomenclature Entomologique : La Loi 
de Priorite et la Loi de Prescription. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) x. 
pp. 33-40. 
Reichenau, W. von. Beitrage zur Biologie und Psychologic, iir. 
Reizungs- und Vertheidigungs-organe Geschlechtstrie bund Gefiihl- 
losigkeit bei Insecten, insbesondere Schmetterlinge. Ent. Nachr. vi. 
pp. 203-206. 
Relates chiefly to the physiological part played by the scent-organs of 
insects. 
Reiciienow, a. Beitrage zur Phaenologie der auffalligeren Insecten 
um Mainz; betreffend das Jahr 1879 im Vergleiche mit seinen frei 
vorhergegangenen Jahren (1878, 1877, 1876). Ent. Nachr. vi. pp. 
41-45, 76-81. 
Dates of first appearance of insects of various Orders. 
Reuter, O. M. Sur I’hybridisation chez les Insectes. Ent. Tidskr. i. 
pp. 174-177. 
Rietsch, M. Etudes de N. Bobretzky sur la formation du blastoderme 
et des feuillets germinatifs chez les Insectes, analys^is au Laboratoire 
de Zoologie de Marseille. Rev. Montp. (2) ii. pp. 54-60. 
A sketch of Bobretzky’s observations, with remarks on the compara- 
tive embryogeny of insects, Arachnida, and Crustacea. 
