4 Verm. 
VERMES. 
by a typical ganglionic cell. Pleurocotyle scombri is without eyes, and 
the cerebral mass is more delicate. Distomum nigro-planum and D. 
hepaticum were also examined. 
Pintner (27) finds that the water-vascular system consists of numerous 
ciliated infundibular colls, which are collected into a zono lying between 
the epithelium and the parenchyma, and provided with very long capillary 
efferent ducts. In connexion with these is a system of vessels which 
traverses the whole body. The original type would appear to have had a 
simple loop, with a dorsal and a ventral branch, which had a tendency to 
form anastomoses. Attention is directed to the flattening of the head in 
Tetrarrhyachus longicolUs, and the gross and histological structure of the 
proboscis is described in detail ; no pore-canals were detected in the 
cuticle ; eth nervous system is described. 
Fraipont*s (4-7) investigations lead him to see two types of renal 
organs in the Vermes ; in the Platyhelminthes and Rotifera, the canal- 
system opens into the coelom by a number of ciliated infundibula, and has 
a median, or two lateral terminal vesicles ; in the Annulata, there are true 
segmental organs, and in the Gephyrea both sets may be present. In some 
Cestoda, a number of pores communicate with the exterior. The PLiru- 
dinea^ like the Gephyrea, have two sets of renal organs, but the first dis- 
appears during the course of development. It seems impossible to 
recognize any marked distinction between Codomati and Accdomati 
(Haeckel), for in the Trematoda there are spaces in the connective tissue 
into which the ciliated infundibula may open, and in other Platyhelmin- 
thes there are considerable variations in the extent to which the coelomatic 
space is developed. 
Cobbold (2) directs attention to the fact that Cercaria cysto 2 )hora 
(infesting Planorbis marginata), is the higher larval stage of Distoma 
lanceolatum, and that Limncea tnincatula is tlie bearer of the cercarian 
stage of Fasciola hepatica. 
On Solenophorus megacephalus, see Moniez, Bull. sci. Nord, (2) ii. 
p. 113. 
On the distribution of Ligula, see Landois, JB. Westf. Ver. 1879, 
pp. 27 & 28. 
Rolleston (28) insists on a careful study of the geographical distribu- 
tion of the flukes and molluscan hosts, and gives (29) a number of 
facts bearing on the question. 
Krabbe (14) records the presence in 28 out of 100 horses, of Tcenia 
perfoliata, generally in the ccecum ; and of T. mammillana, in 8 out of 
100, always in the small intestine. 
On parasitic bodies found in meat, see Poincar*^, C. R. xci. pp. 177-179 
& 362 & 363. 
For Guillebeau’s observations on the cysticercus of Tcenia saginata 
(found in 1 per 700 of men in Western and Central Europe), see MT. 
Ges. Bern, 1879-80, pp 21 & 22, 
Tcenia of Chimpanzee : Studer, tom. cit. pp. 10 & 11. 
Dewoletzky (3) directs attention to the so-called lateral organ, and 
suggests that the proper sensory organ (which is absent in the terrestrial 
forms) may have function in relation to the character of the water. In 
