IG Gcel. 
CCELENTEBATA. 
10. [Koch, G. von.] P. Z. S. 1880, p. 24. 
Koch completes the anatomy of Cerianthus previously described by 
Heider and Hertwig. In the middle of the inner side of each tentacle, 
there is a longitudinal, elliptical, bright green spot, between two dark 
rings. These spots are split, and communicate with the cavity of the 
tentacle. The author also describes the septa and mesenteries of 3 other 
forms, namely, Cary ophy Ilia cyathus (an aporose coral), Madrepora vari- 
abilis, and Zoanthus axinellce. In Cary ophy Ilia, the mesenteries and their 
muscles behave as in the ordinary Actinia, Of the stony septa, the older 
lie in the chambers, the younger are iuterlocular. In the Madrepora, the 
terminal calyces have six septa with the six principal chambers, and six 
smaller iuterlocular septa ; these last are absent as a rule in the lateral 
corallites. Zoanthus axinellce exhibits the same orientation of the muscles. 
11. Kolliker, a. Von. Eeport on the Scientific Results of the Voyage , 
of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ during the years 1873-76. i. Part ii. 
Report on the Pennatulida, 41 pp., 11 pis. 
The collection consists of at least 38 species and 19 genera, including 
7 new genera and 20 new species. The author proposes a new systematic 
arrangement of the Pennatulida, in which he divides the Order into (1) 
those in which the rachis has a bilateral arrangement of its polyps, and 
(2) those in which the rachis has a radiating arrangement of its polyps ; 
the former division includes 11 families, and the latter 2. As regards 
horizontal geographical distribution, it seems that the deeper portions of 
the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and the South Polar Sea contain none 
at all, or only a few at a certain distance from the shore. Of the genera, 
Umhelhda has the widest distribution. The simpler forms, especially 
those with sessile polyps, inhabit grocat depths. 
12. Leconte, J. Coral Reefs and Islands. Nature, xxii. p. 658. 
The author calls attention to the fact that in 1857 he showed that the 
theory of Darwin, although so beautifully explaining the phenomena of 
Pacific reefs, wholly fails to explain those of the Florida coast, because 
there is no evidence to show that any subsidence has taken place in those 
parts. According to his view, they are formed by (1) the Gulf Stream 
building up and extending a submarine bank within its loop ; (2) 
corals building successive barriers as the latter was pushed farther and 
farther southward ; (3) waves beating the reefs into lines of islands ; 
(4) debris from the reefs and keys on the one side and the already 
formed mainland on the other filling up the successive channels, and 
converting them first into swamps and then into dry land. 
13. Martin, K. Die Tertiarschichten auf Java. Leiden: 1881. Corallia, 
pp. 130-150, pis. xxiv.-xxvi. 
14. Merejkowsky, M. C. Sur la structure de quelques Corallaires. 
C. R. xc. pp. 1086-1088 ; Ann. N. H. (5) v. p. 502. 
The ectoderm cells of Astroides differ from those of the Actiniae, as 
described by Heider, in being elongated and dilated at the superior extre- 
