ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Moll. 17 
embryonic shells are reckoned, but only one-tenth per cent, of them 
survive to maturity ; R. Ellsworth Curl, Am. Nat. xiv. [1880] p. 207. 
Sinistral specimens are the majority in Partula otaheitana (Boug.), 1 
to 50 in P. vexilhim, 1 to several hundred in P. ajffinis^ and P. spadicea 
(Rve.) is constantly sinistral; Hartman, Bull. Mus. 0. Z. ix. p. 175. 
Sinistral specimen of Bulimus (Placostylus) fibratus (Martyn), Crosse, 
J. de Conch, xxix. p. 340, pi. xi. fig. 2 ; of Gihhus lyonetianus (Pall.), 
Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1. pt. 2, p. 129. 
Reversed specimen of Planorbis complanatus ; (Miss) F, M. Hele, J. 
of Conch, iii. p. 232. 
Keeled deformity of Bulimus (Placostylus') fibratus (Martyn) ; Crosse, 
J. de Conch, xxix. p. 341, pi. xi. fig. 3. 
Frequent occurrence of albino specimens of Clausilia laminata 
(Mont.), varians (Ziegl.), ornata (Ziegl.), and vetusta (Ziegl.), in Styria, 
Ursula Alp, and an albino specimen of Helix phalerata ; Tschapeck, 
Nachr. mal. Ges. 1881, pp. 71-73. 
White variety of Succinea elegans; Butterell, J. of Conch, iii. 
pp. 148 & 240. 
Whitish specimen of Limncea truncatula and palustris at Folkestone 
and Sandwich ; (Mrs.) J. Fitzgerald, J. of Conch, iii. pp. 232 & 240. 
Pale coloured specimens of Planorbis corneus, animal bright pink, shell 
reddish tinged, from Spring Dyke, near Hull ; Butterell, tom. cit, p. 137. 
Abnormities of shells caused by preceding fractures, Hazay, Mal. 
Bl. (2) iv. pp. 103-105, pi. iii. fig. 11, & pi. iv. fig. 5. Abnormal 
expansion of the peristome in Limncea said to be caused by the invasion 
of a leech; id. 1. c. p. 102, pi. ii. fig. 8. A pale-coloured spiral band in 
normally one-coloured shells is caused by a wound in the mantle-edge ; 
id. 1. c. p. 103, pi. iii. fig. 7. 
Abnormities in the shells of Limncea stagnalis^ palustris and ovata, 
figured ; id. 1. c. pis. iv. & v. 
Restoration of a hole in the shell of Limncea elodes (Say) in six weeks ; 
Bunker, Am. Nat. xiv. [1880] pp. 520-522. 
A monstrosity of Limncea ovata with a second lip inside the aperture ; 
F. Borciierding, Mal. Bl. (2) iii. p. 145. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
a. Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 
1. Palcearctic Province generally. 
W. Kobelt has published a new and enlarged edition of his “ Catalog 
der im europaischen Faunengebeit lebenden Binuencouchylien,” a list of 
all terrestrial and fresh-water Mollusca of Europe, and the neighbouring 
parts of Asia and Africa, in systematic order, with quotations of 
figures and general indications of occurrence. An alphabetical index, 
containing also synonyms, concludes the volume. 
A. Locard, in vol. ii. of his “ Etudes sur les variations malacolo- 
