THE GENERAL SUBJECT. 
Ins, 7 
ing from the lower ganglia (Schlundknoten), and the other from the 
digestive system. The distribution of the nerves differs in the three 
sections of the silk-glands (gland, reservoir, and excretory organ). These 
glands are visible even in the newly-emerged larva, and their gradual 
changes and development in different insects are noticed. Silk is really 
a modified chitinous cuticular substance, secreted in the form of threads. 
Karsch, F. See Roiilfs. 
Kerville, H. Gadeau de. Les insectes phosphorescents. Rouen : 
1880, 8vo, 4 col. pis. 
Kolbe, H. Eigenthiimlichkeiten in der geographischen Yerbreitung 
einiger Insekten-Gattungen durch die Flussgebiete der Ems und 
Yssel im Miinsterlande. JB. Zool. Sect. Westf. Yer. ix. pp. 68-60. 
Many species of insects are either confined to one or other of these 
adjacent river districts, or are much more common in one district than in 
the other. 
Krancher, C. Der Bau der Stigmen bei den Insecten. Z. wiss. Zool. 
XXXV. pp. 505-574, pis. xxviii. & xxix. 
After a sketch of what has been done [by previous authors, the writer 
gives an account of his general results (already published in Zool. Anz. 
iii. pp. 584-688 ; cf, Zool. Rec. xvii. Im, p. 5), and then details his obser- 
vations on a considerable number of perfect insects and larvae belonging 
to various Orders. In conclusion, he remarks that the form and structure 
of the stigmata are too varied to be of any systematic value, though of 
great morphological interest and importance; and he describes the 
method he employs in the examination of objects. 
Kuchenmeister, — , & ZiRN, — . Die Parasiten der Menschen, 2^0. 
Aufl. Lief. 3 (Schluss). Nematoden, Insecten. Leipzig : 1881, 8vo. 
Kunckel, J., & GazagnairE) J. Rapport du cylindre-axe et des cel- 
lules nerveuses peripheriques avec les organes des sens chez les 
Insectes. C. R. xcii. pp. 471-473. 
Every nervous centre in insects consists essentially of a bipolar 
cellule, which is the true nervous termination, connected at one end with 
the cylinder-axis of the nervous fibre, and on the other side prolonged 
into a nervous rod, surmounted by a true, or else by a transformed hair. 
Leydig, F. Ueber Yerbreitung der Thiere im Rhongebirge und Main- 
thal mit hinblick auf Eifel und Rheinthal. Yerh. Yer. Rheiul. 
xxxviii. pp. 43-183 (Insecten, pp. 116-137 ; Myriapoden, pp. 
139-141). 
The insects, &c., which present the most remarkable peculiarities in 
their distribution are noticed. Some species formerly met with in various 
localities have become rare, or have disappeared, such as Lytta vesicatoria^ 
once common at Rotheuburg and now rare, and Mantis reUgiosa^ met 
with during the last century at Wurzburg and Frankfort-on -Main. 
Ludwig, F. Die Anpassungen der Gattung Erodium an Insektenbestau- 
bung. Kosmos, viii. pp. 357-362. 
