FORMICID^. 
Ins. 117 
Forel, a. Bie Ameisen der Antilie St. Thomas. MT. Miinch. ent. 
Ver. V. pp. 1-16. 
13 species discussed, all remarkably small. 3 other species from the 
island are only mentioned by name. 
Lubbock, [Sir] J. On the Anatomy of Ants. Tr. L. Soc. (2) ii. 
pp. 141-154, pis. xi. & xii. 
Chiefly consists of observations on the muscles of the head and thorax 
of Lasius JlavaSy and its appendages. The author agrees with Ratze- 
burg’s view that the fifth segment of the larva forms the hinder part 
of the thorax of the imago. The thorax of ants possesses three pairs 
of spiracles, and four ganglia, the last minute ; while the internal 
chitinous appendages clearly divide the thorax into four portions. 
The principal divisions of the pupa are as follow: — (1) Prothorax: 
The normal endo-skeleton of the thorax of insects consists of 
seven principal processes, four springing from the back — the phragma, 
prophragma, mesophragma, and metaphragma; and three from the 
sternum — the profurca, mesofurca, and postfurca. In the worker ants, 
the four superior processes are not developed, but the other three are 
very important, giving attachment to various muscles; these processes 
are then described. (2) Muscles of the head : these are described ; they 
are less complex than in Coleoptera ; but one muscle seems hitherto 
undescribed, which rises from the anterior surface of the pronotum by 
several discharging bands, and, passing backwards and downwards, is 
attached to the upper part of the antefurca. (3) Front legs and their 
muscles : these are more numerous than in Melolontha, and differently 
arranged. (4) Remarks on the tibia! organs: the trachea is twice 
expanded in the tibia of ants, and a small branch rises from the upper 
sac, falling into the main trachea just above the lower sac ; and where 
the upper sac contracts, is a conical striated organ at the back of the leg. 
This arrangement resembles that found in some Orthoptera, which has 
been conjectured to be an organ of hearing. (5) Other organs of the 
prothorax : Spiracles, oesophagus, &c., noticed. (6) Mesothorax and 
middle legs : principal muscles noticed. (7) Posterior portion of 
thorax: muscles and their attachment described; the thorax of the 
male and female ants is very unlike that of the workers, by the changes 
and additions contingent on the presence of wings. The muscles of 
flight are very large in the winged ants, but are fewer and more simple 
than in other insects ; consisting mainly of four only, two elevators and 
two depressors, which are therefore the same for both the wings. 
. Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps, Part viii. J. L. S. 
XV. pp. 362-387 (woodcuts) (cf. also Nature, xxiv. pp. 142 & 143 ; 
Ent. xiv. pp. 161-163 ; Zool. 3, v. pp. 340-342 ; Kosmos, ix. pp. 
384-386). 
Relates entirely to ants (except a mite described as parasitic on 
Lasius ^avus), treating of their sense of sight and direction, production of 
queens, affection and kindness, and longevity. They are affected by 
the ultra-violet rays of the spectrum ; are less guided by sight in finding 
their way than vertebrate animals ; they appear to be able to produce 
