THE GENERAL SUBJECT. 
Ins, 139 
ScuDDER, S. H. Butterflies, their structure, habits, and life-histories, 
with special reference to American forms; being an application of 
the Doctrine of Descent to the study of Butterflies. With an Ap- 
pendix of practical instructions. New York: 1881, 8vo, pp. viii., 
322 ; 200 woodcuts. 
The book is divided as follows: — Structure: Egg; Caterpillar, 
Chrysalis, Butterfly ; Internal Organs of Caterpillars ; Transformations 
of Internal Organs during Growth. Life and Kelationship : Habits, 
Seasonal Changes and Histories, Colouring of Butterflies, Diversity of the 
Sexes in Colouring and Structure, Origin and Development of Ornamen- 
tation ; Ancestry and Classiflcation ; Geographical Distribution ; The 
Colonization of New England. Appendix : Instructions for Collecting, 
Rearing, Preserving, and StujBfing ; Systematic List of Butterflies ; List 
of Eood-plants of Caterpillars of American Butterflies. 
An exceedingly important work, giving a compendium of what is known 
on the subjects of which it treats, with many illustrations and obser- 
vations of the author’s own. Among these may be noted, the suggestion 
that the larva eats the egg-shell, lest its presence should be a sign-post to 
enemies ; the notice of the mandible-cases of the pupa ; the remarks on 
the rudimentary eyes in the pupa, and that every chrysalis living through 
the winter has its head protected by angular prominences; also on the 
number and position of the spiracles and on dimorphism ; the statement 
that no European Butterfly has more broods than the corresponding 
American species; the proposal of the name “androconia” for male scales, 
which are questioned as scent-organs ; the observations on formation of 
ocellate spots, the primeval type of butterfly, and the relationship of 
families, &c. (For reviews, cf. Nature, xxv. pp. 5 & 5, and Am. Nat. xv. 
pp. 885-887.) 
. Fragments of the coarser anatomy of Diurnal Lepidoptera, 
Psyche, iii. pp. 263-275. 
Relates to Danais plexippus (larva and pupa), Polygonia c-album 
(larva), Aglais urticce (larva and pupa), and Hamadryas io (larva). 
Webb, S. The Phenomena connected with the Emergence of Lepido- 
ptera from the Chrysalis. P. Holmesdale Club, 1879-80, pp. 7-17. 
Weismann, a. Studies in the Theory of Descent. Translated and 
edited, with notes, by R. Meldola, with notes and additions by the 
author. Part ii. On the Origin of the Markings of Caterpillars, and 
on Phyletic Parallelism in Metamorphic Species. London : 1881, 
8vo, pp. 555, pis. vi. 
Chiefly relates to the larvas of Sphingidce. The original work is noticed 
in Zool. Rec. xiv. Ins. pp. 119 & 120 ; the new matter consists chiefly of 
additional or subsequent observations, many of which are of great inte- 
rest and importance. The most important original observations (except 
those of a special character, which will be noticed in their place) are : 
On the dimorphism or trimorphism of many Butterflies, which has appa- 
rently originated through polymorphism from ordinary variability 
(pp. 250 & 251); on green caterpillars and chlorophyll (pp. 310 & 311); on 
the origin of dorsal and subdorsal lines in larvae (pp. 374 & 375, 529-551) ; 
