CHIEF WORKS ON RECENT SPONGES^ FAUNAE. SpOUg. 3 
W. H. Carpenter. The Microscope aud its Revelations. Edition vi. 
London : 8vo. Some additions have been made in this edition to the 
part devoted to Sponges. 
-H. A. Pagenstecher. Allgemeine Zoologie. Berlin: 8vo, pt. iv. 
1881, Spongida, pp. 9 & 227. 
O. Schmidt, in Brehm’s “ Thierleben,” 4to, vol. x. 1878, gives a general 
account of the structure, development, and natural history of Sponges, 
well illustrated by woodcuts. 
K. Semper. Die naturlichen Existenzbedinguugen der Thiere (Leip- 
zig: 1880); and English version in Internat. Scieut. Series (London: 
1881, 8vo). Figures Spongia cartilaginea, Esper., and Euplectella asper- 
gillum in illustration of his remarks on the above subject. 
In“Versuch einer spongiologischen Stenographic,” Tijdschr. Nederl. 
Dierk. Yer. v. p. 197, pi. vi., G. C. J. Yosmaer supplements that system 
of symbols for describing shortly the spicules of Sponges which he intro- 
duced in a former paper [see Zool. Rec. xvii. Spong. p. 2]. He deals with 
the spicules under the separate headings, Monaxial, Triaxial, Tetraxial, 
and Poly axial. 
Faunae. 
Great Britain. Six specimens of Sponges attached to British specimens 
of the Crab Pisa gihbsi^ described ; Zool. (3) v. pp. 363 & 364, two of 
them, viz,, Dysidea fragilis and Isodictya, sp., being figured at p. 361. 
Firth of Forth. List of 12 species of Sponges from, by G. Leslie & 
W. A. Herdman, in their Invertebrate Fauna of the Firth of Forth ; 
P. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1880-1, p. 268. 
Mediterranean (deep sea). H. Giglioli, in a paper entitled “ La Sco- 
perta di una Fauna abissale uel Mediterraneo,” Atti iii. Congresso 
Geograph. Internaz. (Rome : 1881), records the capture of Sponges at 
various depths, by the expedition sent with the Italian government vessel 
‘ Washington.’ 
A. Milne-Edwards. Compto-rendu sommaire d’uno exploration zoo- 
logique faite dans la Mediterran^e a bord du navire de I’Etat, ‘ Le Travail- 
leur.” C. R. xciii. pp. 876 & 931. In 600-2660 mMres, were taken Tetilla 
and Soltenia carpenteri (the latter also in 307 metres, near Toulon, with 
Polymastia mamillaris and Tethya lyncurium'). 
Atlantic (deep), off Spain and Portugal. A. Milne-Edwards records, 
C. R. xciii. p. 936, the capture, in 1881, by the Travailleur,’ of Farrea^ 
AphrocallisteSf Sympagella^ Pheronema, Hyalonema, Asconema^ that of 
Euplectella suherea in 3307 metres, and of a representative of a new 
genus, Parajieldingia. 
S. E. Brazil. 7 sponges, including 3 new Calcisponges, and 1 new 
Siliceous sponge, described by Ridley (12), from banks lying off this 
coast. 
Straits of Magellan and S. Chili. 13 sponges, of which 10 are new 
species, described by the same author, 1. c. The general character of 
the fauna is Atlantic. 
