4 Bjpong. 
Sb-ONGIIPA. 
Classification. 
Sponges classified by G. Cattaneo, in his morphological study of 
the Animal Kingdom, entitled, “Le individualiti animali,” Atti Soc. 
Ital. xxii. p. 223, as follows : — 
Cailmterates. 
Lower sponges = Syngastreids. 
Upper sponges and Acalephce = Prothypergastreids. 
Genera, Species, &c., referred to. 
CARNOSA (auctt.). 
Order Carnosa defined by Carter, (5) p. 255. “Surface slimy, 
glutinous, without evident skeleton, more or less composed of elastic 
tissue ” ; therefore he is inclined to refer Tethya lyncurium, Axos spinipo- 
culum, Dercitus niger, and all Sponges agreeiug with his definition of the 
Order, to the Carnosa. 
Ilalisarca, (5) p. 244. 
Ilalisarca lohularis. M. Braun, Zool. Anz. iv. p. 232, finds examples 
from Trieste to be hermaphrodite, and not dioecious as stated by F. E. 
Schulze ; he considers that the species is probably variable in this respect. 
Chondrilla sacd/ormis, (5) p. 254. The fibrils of its interior described 
as elastic tissue by Carter. 
CERATOSA (Schmidt). 
Great destruction of officinal Sponges by some cause which destroys 
fish, in Gulf of Mexico, off Florida ; E. Ingersoil, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv. 
p. 75. 
Family Luff arid a defined, and distribution given by Carter, (3) 
p. 102. 
Aplysina purpurea and fusca : amended descriptions by Carter, (3) 
pp. 103, 107, pi. ix. figs. 1,2 & 11, S. W. Australia as well as Ceylon. 
A. fusca : amended description, 1. c. p. 107, pi. ix. fig. 11. 
The horny fibres of Darwinella aurea have no homology with spicules, 
according to Carter, (4). 
lanthella : definition modified by Carter, (3) p. 112. 
Spongia hispida^ Lamarck, = Ilircinia^ (12) p. 109. Described fully 
from S. W. Chili. 
Hircinia. Method of preparation for isolating the fibres of Spongio- 
pTiaga in infested specimens, described by H. J. Carter, Ann. N. H. 
(5) viii. p. 360, pi. xvii. fig. 9. He considers that the genus Spongiophaga 
must be removed from the Vegetable Kingdom. 
Family Pseudoceratida. Definition modified by Carter, (3) p. 109. 
Aplysina chalinoides withdrawn by Carter, 1. c., as based on a Chalina 
with its spicules absorbed. 
Dysidea kirki^ Bowerbank ; (2) p. 374. Carter redescribes it ; he finds 
