12 
ZOOLUUICAL LITERATURE. 
This part treats of Lulra canadensis, Mephitis mephilica, and Procyon lotor. 
lie also gives a general sltetch of the geological appearance of the various 
Mammals in this* part of North America. 
California. Dr. Cooper adds a list of Seals, Bats, and some Rodents to 
that previousl)' given by him ; he states that 115 Mammals are known from 
California. Proc. Calif. Ac. Nat. Sc. iv. 1869, p. 3. 
^ Costa Rica. Dr. von Frantzius has published his observations on the 
Mammalia of this province of Central America. He has found not less than 
00 well-established species, which geographically may be divided thus : — 
1. Species spread over the greater part of South America, and extending 
to, or even beyond, Costa Rica : thirty species. 
2. Species not found south of the Equator, and extending to, or even 
beyond, Costa Rica : eleven species. 
3. Species peculiar to Central America and Mexico ; twelve species. 
4. Species extending northwards beyond the tropics: five species. 
From a study of the Mammalian fauna, the author concludes that Central 
America was connected with South America at a much earlier period than 
with North America. The presence of a number of salt lakes north of 
Mexico indicates the place where the sea sepaiated the North from the 
South down to within a very recent period. The great variety of the phy- 
sical conditions of Costa Rica accounts for the presence and persistence of so 
many ditferent Mammals within so limited a district. The author finds evi- 
dence of the early connexion of Central with South America in the presence 
of several species of Marsupials j at a later period the Edentata immigrated 
from the south, and still more recently the Q.uadrumana. It is singular that 
the Edentata have preserved their original characters, the same species being 
found at the extreme limits towards the south and north, whilst the Qua- 
drumana were more influenced by the change of external conditions, some 
being now specifically distinguishable, although there are still intermediate 
forms indicating their original affinities. Wiegm. Arch. 1809, pp. 247-325. 
North-eastern Africa. Robert Hartmann has published a catalogue of the 
Mammals of this region, adding his personal observations on their habits, 
geographical distribution, chase, »&:c. Zeitschr. Qes. f. Erdkunde Berlin, 
1868, iii. pp. *28-69, 232-270, 347-367 (not concluded). These parts refer 
to 13 Quadrumana, an uncertain number of Bats, 34 Carnivora, 16 Insecti- 
vora, 67 Rodents, 2 Edentates, 38 Ruminants, and 13 Pachyderms. 
An appendix to Th. v. Heuglin’s ‘Reise in das Gebiet des Weissen Nil’ 
(Leipz. 1869, 8vo), contains notes on the Elephant, Hippopotamus, and Buf- 
faloes, a list of 43 Antelopes, remarks on Aidacodus semijyahnatus (Heugl.), 
Georychus ochraceo-cinereics (Heugl.), Orycteropus^ Manis temminckii, several 
Bats, and Colohus. 
'^East Africa. On the Mammalia collected by Von der Decken, see above, 
under Peters (p. 3) and Zool. Record, iii. p, 14. 
East-Indian Archipelago. Mr. Wallace’s work on ‘^The Malay Archipe- 
lago ” is noticed above, p. 3. 
Borneo. The discovery of fossilized teeth of a Rhinoceros (sondaicus) and 
of a Deer proves the former existence of these animals in that island, llusk, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 409, 
