180 
S500L0GICAL LITERATURE. 
Bickford (Americ. Naturalist, ii. p. 665) gives an instance of an insect 
losing its life throiigli entanglement in pollen of Aschpias. Kirkpatrick (/. e. 
iii. p. 110) mentions other instances (especially in the honey-heo), and states 
that the plant, needing external aid to free its pollen-masses, has the latter 
attached to cleft glands, hy which hairs or claws of an insect are held fast. 
Leggett (/. c. p. 688) mentions similar instances. 
Pascoe (Proc. Ent. Soc. l.ond. 1809, p. xxv) notes the existence on an 
undescribed species of Saragus (^lleteromcni) of a fungoid growth, stated to 
occur on the living insect and on the trees frequented by it. This growth 
was stated to be an Isaria, the early stage of a Spheeria. Wallace (ibid.) is 
of opinion that the growth, if habitually found on the beetle when alive, was 
not vegetable j and remarks that, as an allied species has a hairy covering, it 
is but one step further towards protective resemblance if that covering assume 
a fungoid appearance. 
Kneel AND (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 120) describes the growth 
&c. of a fungoid parasite, or caterpillar fungus, from the Philippine Islands. 
Walsh and Riley (Amer. Entom. i. pp. 91, 186 and 207) remark on 
fungoid growths, especially in connexion with insects (figs. 129 & 144). 
Frauenfeld (Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien,xix. p. 935, Zoologische 
Miscellen) describes two new galls : — one (figured) sent by Schrader from 
Shanghai, and which is formed, on a Rhamnus allied to franyida, by the larva 
of a now species of the Ilomopterous genus Psylla, according to Sclirador,but 
which is referred to Arytcena (Feirst.) by Frauenfeld, who retains Schrader’s 
proposed specific name of cornicola ; and the other sent by Tauscher from 
Ercsi, Donau, and formed by an unknown larva (apparently Lepidopterous) 
on Pulyyonum amculare. 
CouPER (Canadian Entom. i. p. 68) records an apparently undescribed 
gall on the leaf of Oratceyus crus-yalU. Walsh (/. c. p. 79) thinks it most 
probable this gall is produced by a Cecidomyia. 
CouPER (/. c. p. 81) notes another unknown gall onAlnus incana. Osten- 
Sacken (/. c. p. 89) thinks this is produced by his Cecidomyia serratuhe. 
Walsh and Riley (Amer. Entom. i. pp. 101-110, and ii. pp. 45-60 and 
pp. 70-74) figure and describe various American galls caused by Cynips, Ce- 
cidomyiay Apkisy NematiiSy &c. 
Muller (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. xxi) notes galls on Acei' campestt'e, 
made by unknown insects, and points out that insect-agency can produce, on 
thornless plants, excrescences resembling natural thorns. 
Kidd and Muller (Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 216) publish a second list of 
plants known or reputed to bear galls in Great Britain. Kidd (/. c. vi. p. 8) 
remarks, also, upon an unknown willow-gall. 
Haeckel (Palieontology of Illinois, Articulate fossils of the Coal-Measures, 
from Report of Illinois State Survey, Sept. 1868) speculates upon the ancestors 
of the Articidata. Cf. Amer. Naturalist, iii. p. 45. 
ScuDDER (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 1 17) makes observations on 
fossil insects from the Tertiary beds of Green River, Colorado, not agreeing, 
in the aggregation of species, with any of the insect-beds of Europe. 
Reed (Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. iii. p. 66) notes the paucity of insects at 
Bahia, as compared with Para and Rio, between wliicli it is situated. 
Southwell (Hardwicke’s ‘ Science Gossip,’ no. 58, p, 231) remarks on 
insect visitations. Mott (/. c. p. 267) writes on the same subject. 
