354 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
ScuDDEE has published (Amer. Naturalist, iii. pp. 330,331) a list of New- 
England butterflies, with indications of their food-plants. 
Papilionides. 
A. W. Scott (Trans. Ent. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii. pp. 49-53) has given a 
full description of his Ornithoptera Cassandra^ and a detailed comparison with 
all the other Ornithopterce of the Priamus group. 
PapUio. Hewitson (Exot. Butt.) describes and figures the foU owing known 
species of this genus: — P. warscewiczii, Hopft'. {=soratensis^ Salv. & Godm.), 
1. c. pt. 70, April 1869, Papilio, pi. 10. f. 30 j P. outer pinus, Salv. & Godm. I, c. 
f. 31 j P. xanthopleura, Salv. & Godm. I, c. f. 32, 33 j P. dares ^ Hew. 1. c. pt. 72, 
Oct. 1869, Papilio j pi. 11. f. 34 ; P. philetas, Hew. /. c. f. 35, 36 j P. phalcecus^ 
Hew. I, c. f. 37 j P. hippocooUf Fabr. ( = dionysoSj Doubl. $), 1. c. Pap. pi. 12. 
f. 38-41. 
Papilio merope. Trinien (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. pp. 506-611) remarks on 
the various forms of this insect, and comes to the conclusion that Pap. sul- 
phureuSf Beauv., is a mere variety, but that P. meriones, Feld., is distinct. P. 
mei'iones is a Madagascar species, and the female resembles the male. The 
following named forms are polymorphous females of the true P, merope ; — 
P. cenea^ Stoll (S. Africa) j P. hippocoon^ Fab. (S. & W. Africa) ; P. dionysosy 
Doubl. (W. Africa) j P. trophoniusy Westw. (S. & W. Africa). lie discusses 
the origin of the group, and seems uncertain whether it originated in Africa 
or Madagascar. No continental form of female at all resembling the male is 
known, nor is any dimorphous female known to occur in Madagascar. Tho 
following forms are figured by Trimen : — P. meriuneSy $ , pi. 42. fig. 1, Mada- 
gascar; P. merope, cf, pi. 43. fig. 1, Knysna; P. merope, $ {=cenea, Stoll), 
pi. 43. f. 3, Knysna (mimics type of Danais echeria) ; P. merope, ^ (^ — cenea, 
var.), pi. 43. f. 4, Natal (mimics Natal form of D. echeria) ; P. merope, 2 
(intermediate between cenea and hippocoon), pi. 43. fig. 2, KaCTraria ; P. merope, 
$, second form (P. hippocoon, Fabr., var.), pi. 43. f. 6; P. merope, $, fourth 
form (P. trophonius, Westw.), pi. 43. f. 6. 
Butlee also remarks (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, pp. 275, 276) on the 
various forms of P. merope, and describes and classifies those in the British 
Museum. He figures one new one (pi. 6. f. 1). He considers that the West- 
African forms (P. hrutus, &c.) ought to be considered distinct from those of 
South Africa (P. merope, &c.), at least provisionally. He also (Ent. Mo. Mag. 
vi. p. 148) states that H. T. Usher, Administrator of tho Gold Coast, while 
collecting at Lagos in 1862, captured a male P. merope in copula with a lenialo 
form closely resembling Danais niavius, thus bearing out the correctness of 
the supposed polymorphism of this species. Pie remarks (/. c. p. 171) that in 
the southern form of P. merope the outer margin of the anterior wings is 
strongly undulated in both sexes, while in the western form (P. brutus) the 
margin is almost entire. 
H. W. Bates (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, pp. 8, 9) remarks on the dis- 
tribution and variation of the machaon group of Papilio. The greatest 
divergence of forms from the type occurs in N.E. Asia, in the middle of the 
ange of the group. 
Packard (Guide to Study of Insects, p. 247, fig. 180) notices and figures 
Papilio damius, Boisd., from Kansas. He also (/. c. up. 247-248) quotes 
