532 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
Some of the most common shells of the North Sea found subfossil near 
Hamburg. Wessel, Nachrichtsbl. mal. Gesellsch. i. p. 169. 
Gervais figures a Parmacella found in an old grave at Baillargues, D6pt. 
H^rault, nearly allied to, if not identical with, the living P, gervaisii (Moq. 
Tand.). Journ. Conch, xvii. p. 182, pi. 6. fig. 3, 
The occurrence of recent species of sea-shells, in a fossil condition, in Tus- 
cany, is carefully noticed by F. L. Appelius in his paper on the shells of 
the TyiThenian Sea ; and by N. Tiberi, in his Gleanings in Mediterranean 
Conchology. Bull. Mal. Ital. vol. ii. (see above, pp. 608, 619). 
The fossil shells from the vicinity of the shores of the Red 
Sea have been examined by A. Issel. He enumerates 232 
species, describes and figures several as new, and states that, 
although many of them are the same as those Avhich live at 
present in the Red Sea, there are some diflerences, 105 species 
not being found living in the Red Sea; 10 are identical with 
recent Mediterranean shells. Malac. Mar. Ross. pp. 21 and 
245-303. 
Subfossil shells, identical with those living in the Red Sea, and partly still 
coloured, have been observed by Dr. Zenker on the more elevated parts of 
the Isthmus of Suez. Sitzungsberi elite d. Gesellsch. natiirforschender 
Freunde in Berlin, Dec. 1868, p. 32; and Nachrichtsbl. mal. Gesellsch. i. 
p. 101. 
Use op Mollusks by Man. 
L. Schmarda, ‘ Die Oultur des Meeres in Frankreich,’ Wien, 1869, 8vo 
[The cultivation of the sea in France], may be mentioned here. 
Helix camhojiensis (Reeve) used as food by the Mois. Daniel, Journ. 
Conch, xvii. p. 127. 
The shell of Tridacna is used by the natives of the island Oualan for making 
axes, by those of New Ireland and New Caledonia for bracelets. The Pa- 
puans of Port Dorey use for the latter purpose pieces of the shell of Trochus 
niloticus. The inhabitants of Timor use pieces of Nautilus pompilius as 
spoons. [The Recorder may add that, throughout the Dutch possessions in 
the Indian archipelago, a kind of large spoons, made from the shell of Cyiu- 
hiuni, are in frequent use.] L. Vaillant, Ann. Sci. Nat. ix. pp. 379 & 682. 
The different shells employed as money in various parts of the world are 
enumerated by E. C. Stearns, Am. Naturalist, iii. They are a species of 
Dentalium in the fur-countries of N orth-west America, Saxidomus gracilis in 
California, the strings of Wampum [Vemis mercenaria?~\ by the savages in 
Eastern North America, Liter ina obesa and Nerita polita in some Polyne- 
sian islands, Cyprcea annulus and moneta in several parts of Eastern Asia. 
Crosse, Journ. Conch, xviii. p. 287, adds to this list Achatina monetaria in 
Angola. 
Ilaliotis, its use as an article of trade, ornament, and food treated of by E. 
C. Stearns, American Naturalist, vol. iii. [Jlaliotis gigantea (Chemn.) is a 
very common article of food with the Japanese at Yokohama, and there called 
“ awabi.”] 
Meretrix lusoria (Chemn.) is an article of food, and object of a simple 
game, in Japan. A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 229. 
