MOLLUSCOIDA. 
595 
fachen Ascidien.’^ The other portions are referred to under the 
Nematodea and Echinodermata. (The date of the reading of 
this paper is Oct. 8, 18G8 ; but it did hot reach England until 
late in 1869.) 
The author differs from Kowalevsky in that he does not re- 
gard the primitive development of the organs in the simple 
Ascidia as in any way typically resembling that of Vertebrata; 
for when the primary cell mass which bounds the spacious pri- 
mary cavity has become differentiated into its different seg- 
ments, from these the nervous, muscular, and the rudiments of 
the respiratory and alimentary systems take their origin. 
Nitsche, H. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen. Heft 1, 
with three plates. Leipzig, 1869, pp. 1-36. 
Contains : — 1. Remarks on the development of some cheilo- 
stomatous Bryozoa; and 2. Observations on the Anatomy of 
Pedicellina echinata, Sars. [Extracted from Heft 1, Band xx. 
of the Zeitschrift fiir wissensch. Zool.] 
Schneider, A. Zur Entwickelungsgcschichtc und systema- 
tischen Stellung der Bryozoen und Gephyreen. Schultze’s 
Archiv f. mikrosk. Anat. Bd. v. pp. 260-280, Taf. 16, and 
woodcuts. 
This memoir treats of Cyphonautes, Ehr., included by some 
among the Rotifers, and of Mitraria, with some concluding con- 
siderations. Many investigators have taken Cyphonautes as a 
developmental stage of a mussel ; and the points of resemblance 
are very great ; so are they also great to a larval form of worm, 
Actinotrocha ; and the author appears to trace a common descent 
between this form and the Polyzoa (through Membranipora) on 
the one hand, and the Gephyrea on the other, reminding us 
of the resemblance between PhoroniSf a true Gephyrean, and 
the Polyzoa. The novel views put forward in this paper are as 
startling as new; and nothing short of a translation of the entire 
})aper would give the reasons urged by the author in their 
favour. Mitraria is regarded as having affinities to Sternaspis. 
Two species of Cyphonautes are alluded to in addition to C. com- 
pressus, Ehrbg. 
Stepanoff, Paul. Ueber die Entwickelung der weiblichen 
Geschlechtselemente von Phallusia. Bull, de PAcad. Imp. 
d. Sc. St. Petersbourg, t. xiii. 1868, no. 3, pp. 209-218, with 
a plate. 
S roLiczKA, F. On the anatomy of Membranipora bengalensis, 
a new (Polyzoon) Bryozoon living in brackish water at Port 
Canning. Jourii. Asiatic Soc. part ii. no. 1, Physical 
Science, 1869, pp. 55-61, pi. 12. 
Uljanin, B. Zur Anatomic und Entwickelungsgeschichte der 
Pedicellina. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1869, no. 2, 
PI). 425-440, Taf 5 & 6. 
