ZOOLOGICAL LITEllATUllE. 
59G 
TUNICATA. 
Fhallusia canina. For its development, see KiipfFer, 1. c. 
Phallusia mtestinalis. StepanolF, 1. c., gives a very detailed account of the 
development of the organs of reproduction (female) in this species, which he 
found common at Jalta, on the northern shore of the Black Sea. 
Krohn, from his researches into the development of Botryllus, is struck by 
the parallelism between it and that of Salpa, finding in Botrylhis also a 
nurse-form, 1. c. p. 190. The same author’s paper, on the early stages of 
development, is already too condensed to admit of being epitomized further 
here. 
Botryllus auratus. For a sketch of the larval form and of the budding of 
this and other species, see a brief account by Metschnikow, 1. c. p. 291. It 
seems pretty clear that the buds in Botryllus in no wise take their origin, as 
Milne-Edwards affirms, from the tegumentary appendages, but from the body 
of the Botryllus itself. 
Appendicularia furcata. Dr. Moss very briefly describes the Haus, as well 
as a peculiar organ met with in this species. Quart. Journ. Mic. Science, 
18G9, p. 323. 
Buchholz describes a number of species of Crustacea living in Ascidia. 
Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Zoologie, Bd. xix. Heft 1, p. 99 et seq. 
POLYZOA. 
Entoprocta. Nitsche gives this name to a group composed of Pedicellina, 
Loxosoma, and UrnateUa, 1. c. p. 34. 
Nitsche concludes, from his observations, 1. c., that, 1, some cheilosto- 
matous Bryozoa are hermaphrodite j 2, the ova and spermatozoa are formed 
in the body-cavity (general cavity) of the parent ; 3, the impregnated ova 
pass over into the oviduct, which may bo regarded as an incubatory pouch ; 
4, the escaped ciliated larva, apparently well organized, attaches itself, and 
becomes changed into a crowded mass of formative material, without per- 
ceptible organization, surrounded by a firm membrane ; 5, the polypid origi- 
nates in this mass, through an inner budding, precisely in the same way as the 
inner half of the bud forms itself on the top of the stock. 
Uljanin mentions (/. c.) finding Pedicellina helyica and P. echinata in the 
Gulf of Naples j he describes in some detail the anatomy of the latter species. 
Between the descending and ascending portions of the alimentary tract a 
cavity is described, well seen on a cross section of the Polyzoou being made 
just below the crown of tentacles, into which the ovarian tubes enter, and in 
which the ova appear to undergo a certain amount of development ; appa- 
rently they leave this incubatory pouch (Bruthohle) as free-swimming lai-val 
forms. Not a single male example among those examined was found. The 
dark bodies first observed by Hassel, and described by Van Beneden as ova- 
ries and testicles, are nothing else than the partitions of the incubatory 
pouch seen through the transparent body-wall. The spindle-shaped cells, 
which contribute so much to the contractility of the stem, are figured and 
described. 
Gosse (whose name is scarcely recognizable as given by the author) 
thought that the young embryo escaped through the mouth of the parent j 
